Plant is one of the most important organism in this world, without plant man can’t do nothing. Plant is the primary organism in food chain, plant convert energy from the sun to the carbonic material which used by other organism to get energy. Plant also convert the CO2 gases into O2 which human and other organism used to breath. Because of it’s many uses, people try to increase it’s mass production, especially the commercial plant. But some plant is difficult to cultivated because many plants naturally have sex reproduction which need long time to get it’s seed, for example is the pine tree. To solve this problem people try to cultivate plant without it’s seed.
In last century, many people think develop plant without it’s seed is a imposible things to do. But today we can develop plant without it’s seed, the method called the plant tissue culture. Plant tissue culture is a plant mass production tehnique with isolating some section of the plant like leaves and auxilary buds to cultured in medium which septic and controlled environment (Anonim 1).
The question is how to do plant tissue culture? There was six phase in plant tissue culture, its consist of : explant resources selection, explant sterilization, buds initiation, multipication, rooting and aclimatitation (Anonim 2).
Explant resource selection is the phase when we select the suitable parent material. Parental must in best condition, means the plant was not infected by fungus or bacteria, because it could contaminated the tissue culture.
Next phase is explant sterilization, in this phase all explant material and all tissue culture equipment must be conditioned at septic. It is important to avoid tissue culture from contamination.
Third phase is bud initiation, in this phase explant is cultured in nutrition medium at the optimum environment. Explant would be initiated to form bud.
Fourth phase named multipication, in this phase explant was develop to vew form as shoot, root, or callus. This form is depend to the ratio of two growth hormone auxin and sitokinin. If the ratio of auxin and sitokinin is >1, it means it will form the root . While if the ratio auxin and sitokinin is < 1, it means it will form the shoot. But if the ratio = 1, it means the explant become the callus.
Fifth phase is rooting, in this phase the tissue culture was became the perfect plant which have shoot, stem and root. But usually this plant have’nt strong root yet, so plant is conditioned to form strong root.
The last phase is aclimatitation, in this phase plant from tissue culture was had strong root, then the plant is remove to soil medium (Evans,2003).
Why plant tissue culture being important? Plant tissue culture have some advantages. First, the plant which developed from tissue culture had identity behaviour with it’s parental. Second, using the cell culture we can produce a whole plant from clump of cells artificially which allowing crops to be grown through all seasons. This method also have been permitted a faster growing time and allow us to produce crop that withstand severe conditions (Pighin,2003).
In spite of its advantage, tissue culture also has weakness. First, plant tissue culture is difficult to implementated in nature because sometimes the plant from tissue culture couldn’t resisted in nature condition. Second, this tehnique is still expensive to do, because the material for producing was difficult to get.
References:
Anonim 1. http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/setjen/PUSSTAN/info_5_1_0604/isi_11.hml
Diakses tanggal 2 april 2008
Anonim 2.http://www.indobiogen.or.id/produk/abaka/php diakses tanggal 2 april 2008
Evans, D.E; Coleman, J.O.D; Kearns A.2003. Plant Cell Culture.London. BIOS Scientific Publishers
Pighin, Jamie.2003.Plant Cell Culture.diakses dari http://www.scg.ubc.cu/your_guide_to_plant_cell_culture.html diakses tanggal 2 april 2008
Thursday, April 3, 2008
Earthquake-prone Area Relocation
Earthquake is a destructive natural disasters occurs when the earth’s surface shake caused by rapid movement of the earth outer layer. Active earthquake zones nearby Pacific Ocean, western coasts of North and South America, North Tehran Fault and North Anatolian Fault responsible for an average of 80 percent of the energy released in earthquakes worldwide. It deals with several thousand small to moderate earthquake each year, which cause tragic consequences such as killing thousands of people and caused enormous damaged. This essay will discuss weather those cities that most at risk for seismic calamity should be relocated or rebuilt to overcome frequent earthquake each year (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006)
The favor of moving the cities that most at risk for seismic calamity to safer ground has been under discussion, since these involve in many factors. Earthquake prone cities should be relocated due to we know the hazard for these cities and it is too dangerous to rebuild in the same location. Although, earthquake education and preparedness plans can help significantly reduce death and injury caused by earthquakes, it still high risks to get hazard effect by similar earthquake. Although, the process to relocate takes long time and costly but it still the best solution. Moreover, it’s impossible to transform all the building in crowded cities to become buildings earthquake-resistant. In addition, cities relocation is possible to carry out. Some countries have moved their before, such as Germany moved its capital from Bonn to Berlin, Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Astana, in part because of its location in an earthquake-prone area (www.globalsecurity.org/news/html; www.msnbc.msn.com).
Even though, it possible to relocate the cities for some countries, but it depends on many aspects especially economic condition of the country. Relocation earthquake-prone in developing country will make more complicated finance problem, beside needs more effort to relocated thousands of citizens. Additionally, most of the cities nearby active earthquake zones are seismic, even moving miles away still can not guarantee a safer future. Since, that cities prone to earthquakes, it should learn how to prevent such disasters, as Japan and the United States have done (www.globalsecurity.org/news/html; www.news.bbc.co.uk).
Furthermore, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings in which compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They also can analyze computer models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest what reinforcement is needed. In addition, engineers can minimize earthquake damage the buildings by using flexible and reinforced materials that can withstand shaking in buildings. Seismologists try to predict how likely it is that an earthquake will occur, with a specified time, place, and size. Earthquake prediction also includes calculating how a strong ground motion will affect a certain area if an earthquake does occur. Scientists can use the growing catalogue of recorded earthquakes to estimate when and where strong seismic motions may occur, so people can anticipate the consequences (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006; www.globalsecurity.org/news/html).
In brief, seismologists know the sources of seismicity and people can learn how to live with earthquake. There are many way to overcome earthquake, so relocation earthquake-prone cities is not the only one the best solution.
References
1)Esfandiari, Golnaz.2004. Iran: A Capital Idea? Experts Disagree On Whether To Relocate Earthquake-Prone Tehran. Retrieved on March 15th 2008 from www.globalsecurity.org/news/html
2)Encarta Encyclopedia. 2006. Earth Quake-prone Area. Microsoft ® Encarta ® © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation.
3)The world’s most earthquake-vulnerable cities. Retrieved on March 15th 2008 from www.msnbc.msn.com
4)World: Europe Quake cities relocation plan.1999. Retrieved on March 15th 2008 from www.news.bbc.co.uk
The favor of moving the cities that most at risk for seismic calamity to safer ground has been under discussion, since these involve in many factors. Earthquake prone cities should be relocated due to we know the hazard for these cities and it is too dangerous to rebuild in the same location. Although, earthquake education and preparedness plans can help significantly reduce death and injury caused by earthquakes, it still high risks to get hazard effect by similar earthquake. Although, the process to relocate takes long time and costly but it still the best solution. Moreover, it’s impossible to transform all the building in crowded cities to become buildings earthquake-resistant. In addition, cities relocation is possible to carry out. Some countries have moved their before, such as Germany moved its capital from Bonn to Berlin, Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Astana, in part because of its location in an earthquake-prone area (www.globalsecurity.org/news/html; www.msnbc.msn.com).
Even though, it possible to relocate the cities for some countries, but it depends on many aspects especially economic condition of the country. Relocation earthquake-prone in developing country will make more complicated finance problem, beside needs more effort to relocated thousands of citizens. Additionally, most of the cities nearby active earthquake zones are seismic, even moving miles away still can not guarantee a safer future. Since, that cities prone to earthquakes, it should learn how to prevent such disasters, as Japan and the United States have done (www.globalsecurity.org/news/html; www.news.bbc.co.uk).
Furthermore, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings in which compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They also can analyze computer models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest what reinforcement is needed. In addition, engineers can minimize earthquake damage the buildings by using flexible and reinforced materials that can withstand shaking in buildings. Seismologists try to predict how likely it is that an earthquake will occur, with a specified time, place, and size. Earthquake prediction also includes calculating how a strong ground motion will affect a certain area if an earthquake does occur. Scientists can use the growing catalogue of recorded earthquakes to estimate when and where strong seismic motions may occur, so people can anticipate the consequences (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006; www.globalsecurity.org/news/html).
In brief, seismologists know the sources of seismicity and people can learn how to live with earthquake. There are many way to overcome earthquake, so relocation earthquake-prone cities is not the only one the best solution.
References
1)Esfandiari, Golnaz.2004. Iran: A Capital Idea? Experts Disagree On Whether To Relocate Earthquake-Prone Tehran. Retrieved on March 15th 2008 from www.globalsecurity.org/news/html
2)Encarta Encyclopedia. 2006. Earth Quake-prone Area. Microsoft ® Encarta ® © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation.
3)The world’s most earthquake-vulnerable cities. Retrieved on March 15th 2008 from www.msnbc.msn.com
4)World: Europe Quake cities relocation plan.1999. Retrieved on March 15th 2008 from www.news.bbc.co.uk
Factors causing heart disease in Western society (citation)
Heart disease is a structural or functional abnormality of cardiovascular system, which might be caused of several factors. Those factors can be divided into two major factors such as behavioral risk factors and unavoidable risk factors. Behavioral risk factors associated with heart disease such as; fatty diet, lack of exercise, alcohol consume and smoking. On the other hand, aging and family history are unavoidable risk factors. This assay will discuss the factors that may associate with heart disease in western society (Campbell et al.,2003).
Generally, two major factors above increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure that result in heart disease. People who have high level of blood cholesterol are more likely to develop heart disease. As the fact, there are two forms of cholesterol in the blood, called high-density and low-density lipoproteins. The high-density lipoprotein is a kind of bad cholesterol which possibly to mold the plaques. The plaques may clog the wall of blood vessels and if it occurs in coronary arteries, it may promote a heart attack. In addition, high blood pressure also gives rise to heart disease. High blood pressure against the wall of constricted vessel made the heart work even harder. If the condition persists, it may damage the heart and blood vessels that increasing the risk for stroke, heart attack, and heart failure (www.escardio.org; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006; Campbell et al.,2003).
In the western society, scientists found heart disease were mainly due to behavioral risk factors. People who normally haven’t a heart disease risk genetically, nevertheless take daily risks by smoking or eating unhealthily. Eating unhealthy diet on which contain high bad cholesterol may increase the risk of vascular disease, due to the ability of cholesterol to clog arteries. Similar to lack of exercise, it can cause heart disease in which associate with accumulation of the bad cholesterol. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 50 percent attributable to coronary heart failure. In addition, heavy drinking can damage heart muscles in which distract the process of pumping blood (http://www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006).
Although, heart disease was associated mainly with behavioral risk, a strong family history of heart disease and age factor still put a patient at high risk. For example, a woman does exercise every day and careful about her diet, nevertheless she got heart attack in 43 years old. It might be caused of inherited genetically from both of her parents. Then, scientists have identified that age also be part of the cause heart disease. In addition, the probability of stroke increases as people get older, with those over age 65 at greatest risk (http//www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006).
Nevertheless, some scientists believe that stress reactivity plays an important key role in development of heart disease. They inquired the fact that many heart attacks occur in persons apparently free of risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking and high cholesterol. They assumed that undeniably stressful condition of western society might contribute in causing heart disease. These could be explained by excessive unleashed of hormones and fatty fuels during stress response give rise to high blood pressure thus increased the risk of cardiovascular disease (Burg, 2008).
In conclusion, all the factors that increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure, associated with heart disease. The factors may affect so much for some people, but may be those do not give any effect for the others. Furthermore, people can decrease the risk of heart disease by keeping their healthy life style.
References
1.Burgh, M. 2008. Stress, Behaviour and Heart Disease. Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http://www.med.yale.edulibraryheartbk8.pdf/
2. Campbell et al.,2003. Biology. 4th. ed. Benjamin Cumming; New York
3. Encarta Encyclopedia. 2006. Heart Disease. Microsoft ® Encarta ® © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation.
4.Heart Disease.Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http//www.womenheart.org/.
5.The human and economic cost of heart disease in Europe. Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http://www.escardio.org/
Generally, two major factors above increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure that result in heart disease. People who have high level of blood cholesterol are more likely to develop heart disease. As the fact, there are two forms of cholesterol in the blood, called high-density and low-density lipoproteins. The high-density lipoprotein is a kind of bad cholesterol which possibly to mold the plaques. The plaques may clog the wall of blood vessels and if it occurs in coronary arteries, it may promote a heart attack. In addition, high blood pressure also gives rise to heart disease. High blood pressure against the wall of constricted vessel made the heart work even harder. If the condition persists, it may damage the heart and blood vessels that increasing the risk for stroke, heart attack, and heart failure (www.escardio.org; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006; Campbell et al.,2003).
In the western society, scientists found heart disease were mainly due to behavioral risk factors. People who normally haven’t a heart disease risk genetically, nevertheless take daily risks by smoking or eating unhealthily. Eating unhealthy diet on which contain high bad cholesterol may increase the risk of vascular disease, due to the ability of cholesterol to clog arteries. Similar to lack of exercise, it can cause heart disease in which associate with accumulation of the bad cholesterol. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 50 percent attributable to coronary heart failure. In addition, heavy drinking can damage heart muscles in which distract the process of pumping blood (http://www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006).
Although, heart disease was associated mainly with behavioral risk, a strong family history of heart disease and age factor still put a patient at high risk. For example, a woman does exercise every day and careful about her diet, nevertheless she got heart attack in 43 years old. It might be caused of inherited genetically from both of her parents. Then, scientists have identified that age also be part of the cause heart disease. In addition, the probability of stroke increases as people get older, with those over age 65 at greatest risk (http//www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006).
Nevertheless, some scientists believe that stress reactivity plays an important key role in development of heart disease. They inquired the fact that many heart attacks occur in persons apparently free of risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking and high cholesterol. They assumed that undeniably stressful condition of western society might contribute in causing heart disease. These could be explained by excessive unleashed of hormones and fatty fuels during stress response give rise to high blood pressure thus increased the risk of cardiovascular disease (Burg, 2008).
In conclusion, all the factors that increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure, associated with heart disease. The factors may affect so much for some people, but may be those do not give any effect for the others. Furthermore, people can decrease the risk of heart disease by keeping their healthy life style.
References
1.Burgh, M. 2008. Stress, Behaviour and Heart Disease. Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http://www.med.yale.edulibraryheartbk8.pdf/
2. Campbell et al.,2003. Biology. 4th. ed. Benjamin Cumming; New York
3. Encarta Encyclopedia. 2006. Heart Disease. Microsoft ® Encarta ® © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation.
4.Heart Disease.Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http//www.womenheart.org/.
5.The human and economic cost of heart disease in Europe. Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http://www.escardio.org/
Citation-Heart Disease Factors in United States
Heart Disease Factors in United States
In the United States, more than 60 million Americans have some form of heart disease. Heart disease usually known by cardiovascular disease. About 2600 people die every day of cardiovascular disease. Cancer, the second largest killer, accounts for only half as many deaths(Texas Heart Institute).
Coronary artery disease, the most common form of cardiovascular disease, is the leading cause of death in America today. Certain factors that play an important role in a person's chances of developing heart disease are called by risk factor. Many risk factors can cause it. They are:
a. Major factors
1. High blood pressure increases risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. Though other risk factors can lead to high blood pressure, can have it without having other risk factors.
2. Cholesterol, a fat-like substance carried in blood, is found in all of body’s cells. Liver produces all of the cholesterol body needs to form cell membranes and to make certain hormones. Extra cholesterol enters body when eat foods that come from animals (meats, eggs, and dairy products). Too much low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad cholesterol") in the blood causes plaque to form on artery walls, which starts a disease process called atherosclerosis. When plaque builds up in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, are at greater risk of having a heart attack (Encarta, 2006).
3. Diabetes especially in the case of adult-onset or Type II diabetes (also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes). Certain racial and ethnic groups (African Americans, Hispanics, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans) have a greater risk of developing diabetes.
4. Obesity increases chances of developing other risk factors for heart disease, especially high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes.
5. Smoking increases heart rate, tightens major arteries, and can create irregularities in the timing of heartbeats, all of which make heart work harder. Smoking also raises blood pressure, which increases the risk of stroke in people who already have high blood pressure. Although nicotine is the main active agent in cigarette smoke, other chemicals and compounds like tar and carbon monoxide are also harmful to heart in a variety of ways. These chemicals lead to the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, possibly by injuring the vessel walls. And they also affect cholesterol and levels of fibrinogen, which is a blood-clotting material. This increases the risk of a blood clot that can lead to a heart attack. (Encarta, 2006).
6. People who are not active have a greater risk of heart attack than do people who exercise regularly. Exercise burns calories, helps to control cholesterol levels and diabetes, and may lower blood pressure.
7. Men have a higher risk of heart attack than women. But the difference narrows after women reach menopause. After the age of 65, the risk of heart disease is about the same between the sexes when other risk factors are similar. (Encarta, 2006).
8. Risk factors (including high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity) may also be passed from one generation to another.
9. Older age is a risk factor for heart disease. In fact, about 4 of every 5 deaths due to heart disease occur in people older than 65. (Encarta, 2006).
b. Contributing Risk Factors
1. Stressful situations raise heart rate and blood pressure, increasing the heart's need for oxygen. This need for oxygen can bring on angina pectoris, or chest pain, in people who already have heart disease.
2. Sex hormones appear to play a role in heart disease. Among women younger than 40, heart disease is rare. But between the ages 40 and 65, around the time when most women go through menopause, the chances that a woman will have a heart attack greatly increase. From 65 onward, women make up about half of all heart attack victims. (Encarta, 2006).
3. People who drink moderate amounts of alcohol are lower than in nondrinkers. Experts say that moderate intake is an average of one to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women
In the United States, more than 60 million Americans have some form of heart disease. Heart disease usually known by cardiovascular disease. About 2600 people die every day of cardiovascular disease. Cancer, the second largest killer, accounts for only half as many deaths(Texas Heart Institute).
Coronary artery disease, the most common form of cardiovascular disease, is the leading cause of death in America today. Certain factors that play an important role in a person's chances of developing heart disease are called by risk factor. Many risk factors can cause it. They are:
a. Major factors
1. High blood pressure increases risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. Though other risk factors can lead to high blood pressure, can have it without having other risk factors.
2. Cholesterol, a fat-like substance carried in blood, is found in all of body’s cells. Liver produces all of the cholesterol body needs to form cell membranes and to make certain hormones. Extra cholesterol enters body when eat foods that come from animals (meats, eggs, and dairy products). Too much low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad cholesterol") in the blood causes plaque to form on artery walls, which starts a disease process called atherosclerosis. When plaque builds up in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, are at greater risk of having a heart attack (Encarta, 2006).
3. Diabetes especially in the case of adult-onset or Type II diabetes (also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes). Certain racial and ethnic groups (African Americans, Hispanics, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans) have a greater risk of developing diabetes.
4. Obesity increases chances of developing other risk factors for heart disease, especially high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes.
5. Smoking increases heart rate, tightens major arteries, and can create irregularities in the timing of heartbeats, all of which make heart work harder. Smoking also raises blood pressure, which increases the risk of stroke in people who already have high blood pressure. Although nicotine is the main active agent in cigarette smoke, other chemicals and compounds like tar and carbon monoxide are also harmful to heart in a variety of ways. These chemicals lead to the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries, possibly by injuring the vessel walls. And they also affect cholesterol and levels of fibrinogen, which is a blood-clotting material. This increases the risk of a blood clot that can lead to a heart attack. (Encarta, 2006).
6. People who are not active have a greater risk of heart attack than do people who exercise regularly. Exercise burns calories, helps to control cholesterol levels and diabetes, and may lower blood pressure.
7. Men have a higher risk of heart attack than women. But the difference narrows after women reach menopause. After the age of 65, the risk of heart disease is about the same between the sexes when other risk factors are similar. (Encarta, 2006).
8. Risk factors (including high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity) may also be passed from one generation to another.
9. Older age is a risk factor for heart disease. In fact, about 4 of every 5 deaths due to heart disease occur in people older than 65. (Encarta, 2006).
b. Contributing Risk Factors
1. Stressful situations raise heart rate and blood pressure, increasing the heart's need for oxygen. This need for oxygen can bring on angina pectoris, or chest pain, in people who already have heart disease.
2. Sex hormones appear to play a role in heart disease. Among women younger than 40, heart disease is rare. But between the ages 40 and 65, around the time when most women go through menopause, the chances that a woman will have a heart attack greatly increase. From 65 onward, women make up about half of all heart attack victims. (Encarta, 2006).
3. People who drink moderate amounts of alcohol are lower than in nondrinkers. Experts say that moderate intake is an average of one to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women
Friday, March 28, 2008
The Benefits of Space Exploration
Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic supercraft. According to me, space exploration give the benefit to the world science. Even it will cost too much money and the gains from human space exploration are really not worth the effort.
Firstly, money spent on space research and development does not dissapear into thin air. It goes toward creating knowledge, jobs, new businesses, and technologies, many of which have direct application to other activities. This is the spin-off argument. A moon initiative will require increased sophistication in, to name a few areas, solar-power generation, cryogenic technologies (cooling and storing liquefied gas), and human-robot interaction. These advances in the state-of-the-art will benefit energy, environment, health care, and many other areas. Many of the capabilities required for human exploration are synergistic with defense needs.
Some people think that space exploration overweight the massive cost. They prefer our world resources and attention should be focused on other areas, such as health-care.
An often-ignored benefit of space activities involves its capacity to increase international cooperation and generate goodwill. A return to the moon will bring the international community together in an activity that pits man against the cosmos. An international effort will not only lower costs through the pooling of resources, it will create concrete links between U.S., Russia, Japan, Europe, even China; and this will have tremendous symbolic over-tones.
In conclusion, space exploration has been overweight the massive cost. But there is a reason that gives space exploration its great symbolic weight-the innate human desire to learn more, to see more, to explore the unknown. While this need does not easily find its way onto a budget sheet, it has an important place in society.
Firstly, money spent on space research and development does not dissapear into thin air. It goes toward creating knowledge, jobs, new businesses, and technologies, many of which have direct application to other activities. This is the spin-off argument. A moon initiative will require increased sophistication in, to name a few areas, solar-power generation, cryogenic technologies (cooling and storing liquefied gas), and human-robot interaction. These advances in the state-of-the-art will benefit energy, environment, health care, and many other areas. Many of the capabilities required for human exploration are synergistic with defense needs.
Some people think that space exploration overweight the massive cost. They prefer our world resources and attention should be focused on other areas, such as health-care.
An often-ignored benefit of space activities involves its capacity to increase international cooperation and generate goodwill. A return to the moon will bring the international community together in an activity that pits man against the cosmos. An international effort will not only lower costs through the pooling of resources, it will create concrete links between U.S., Russia, Japan, Europe, even China; and this will have tremendous symbolic over-tones.
In conclusion, space exploration has been overweight the massive cost. But there is a reason that gives space exploration its great symbolic weight-the innate human desire to learn more, to see more, to explore the unknown. While this need does not easily find its way onto a budget sheet, it has an important place in society.
Thursday, March 27, 2008
task 4: Surviving in the Earthquake Areas
Earthquake which shakes the earth’s surface is caused by rapid movement of the earth’s rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the earth is suddenly released. This energy is transmitted to the surface by earthquake waves, causing the damage and harming many people. Earthquakes frequently occur in the areas near the volcanoes or the faults (cracks in the earth’s crust). Based on this condition, people who live in these areas should be relocated. If they do not want to, earthquakes will crush their economy, destroy the buildings and the facilities, and remain them severe life. However, there are several problems related to economic and historical background which make
them to keep staying. As a consequence, they have to find some new ways and strategies for surviving in this ‘death area’.
Earthquakes can cause million dollars of damage and harm thousands of people. Recorded that in 1906, San Francisco was shaken by a large earthquake caused almost 3.000 people were killed and 225.000 left homeless. In Kobe 1995 a tremor occurred, caused 6.000 deaths and left another 300.000 people homeless. Many industries collapsed, million dollars lost, the economy crushed, and need more than a year to put the city back to work.
The areas near the volcanoes (such as in Japan and Hawaii) or the faults (such as in San Francisco) are the most dangerous areas. The earthquakes can occur frequently, periodically and unpredictably, crushing the buildings and killing many people. To minimize the damage and casualties, the dweller and all of the facilities should be relocated.
Now, some problems have arisen. Relocating the dwellers is not as simple as just
clapping our hand. The first problem is finding a new area to be dwelled, meanwhile the land is so limited and the price is so high. Secondly, some particular industries and agriculture could not survive in another region. The last, people could not forget their homeland historical background easily and of course will affect their psychologies.
For those reasons, we have to find some new ways to make people live in earthquake area comfortably. New structure that could not be broken easily has been designed. The earthquake detection systems are developed more accurately. And the people should know well what they have to do if an earthquake happens. These all are our attempts for surviving in the death earthquake area although we cannot against the power of nature.
them to keep staying. As a consequence, they have to find some new ways and strategies for surviving in this ‘death area’.
Earthquakes can cause million dollars of damage and harm thousands of people. Recorded that in 1906, San Francisco was shaken by a large earthquake caused almost 3.000 people were killed and 225.000 left homeless. In Kobe 1995 a tremor occurred, caused 6.000 deaths and left another 300.000 people homeless. Many industries collapsed, million dollars lost, the economy crushed, and need more than a year to put the city back to work.
The areas near the volcanoes (such as in Japan and Hawaii) or the faults (such as in San Francisco) are the most dangerous areas. The earthquakes can occur frequently, periodically and unpredictably, crushing the buildings and killing many people. To minimize the damage and casualties, the dweller and all of the facilities should be relocated.
Now, some problems have arisen. Relocating the dwellers is not as simple as just
clapping our hand. The first problem is finding a new area to be dwelled, meanwhile the land is so limited and the price is so high. Secondly, some particular industries and agriculture could not survive in another region. The last, people could not forget their homeland historical background easily and of course will affect their psychologies.
For those reasons, we have to find some new ways to make people live in earthquake area comfortably. New structure that could not be broken easily has been designed. The earthquake detection systems are developed more accurately. And the people should know well what they have to do if an earthquake happens. These all are our attempts for surviving in the death earthquake area although we cannot against the power of nature.
The theoretical scientific research controversial
The theoretical scientific research undertakes research in the agricultural, biological, physical and social sciences. These industries may manage agricultural or biological research businesses. They may be involved in running economic or social science research organisation or food, medical, industrial or scientific research organisation. In addition, they may be such places as space tracking stations or observatories. On the other side, there are several things which still debated by some kind of people.
The debate centers on how much public money should be spent on scientific research and on which areas of research should receive funding. Policymakers who support public funding believe this research creates knowledge that complements private industry research and development investment by providing new ideas for products or processes or by helping firms to solve technical problems with their existing projects. On the other side, those who want to discontinue or reduce public funding believe this research substitutes for private research and development investment by drawing important research inputs out of the private sector or by funding a project that would otherwise have been pursued by industry firms.
This analysis comprises businesses in scientific research and development services and educational support services. Scientific research and development services include businesses conducting research and analyses in social sciences and humanities. The educational support industry includes businesses providing non instructional services that support educational processes or systems. These can include activities related to educational research such as educational consulting and testing.
by : mr_arkanuddin (10205059)
Wednesday, March 26, 2008
Cities Relocation
An earthquake is caused by the shaking of the ground due to an abrupt shift of rock along a fracture in the Earth, called a fault. The impact of earthquake was felt in many countries. Earthquake can damages the infrastructures and make loss of livelihood. The important thing is how to recovery the victim of this natural disaster. I think that relocated should be done to the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reasons.
The first, earthquake damages the infrastructures. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of few metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures as dams, bridges, and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.
Secondly, earthquake makes loss of livelihood. Earthquake may result in disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to collapse in future earthquakes. Many of the local craftspersons have died in the earthquake. Besides, most of them lost their houses, workshops, and tools, and are likely to face bleak days ahead. The loss of their income opportunities due to loss of productive human and phsyical assets in the areas has been a major consequence of the earthquake. This disaster is dangerous for societies who lives in the high-risk earthquake areas.
In fact, in recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year is actually decreased, although this is likely a statistical fluctuation. In general, GOvernment always keep the victim areas and then make the rehabilitation there. Many reasons as the basics, like economics, politics, culturals, and so on. It is not just the policy of Government, but also the wish of the societies because they have historical experiences with their cities. To solve the high-risk from the earthquake, Government must take the fast decision. One of the decision is relocation. The damages above can be the consideration to deal with that decision.
In conclusion, earthquake is a high-risk natural disaster in the world. Many things can losses because of this disaster. Government must have the policy to relocated the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reason.
The first, earthquake damages the infrastructures. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of few metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures as dams, bridges, and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.
Secondly, earthquake makes loss of livelihood. Earthquake may result in disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to collapse in future earthquakes. Many of the local craftspersons have died in the earthquake. Besides, most of them lost their houses, workshops, and tools, and are likely to face bleak days ahead. The loss of their income opportunities due to loss of productive human and phsyical assets in the areas has been a major consequence of the earthquake. This disaster is dangerous for societies who lives in the high-risk earthquake areas.
In fact, in recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year is actually decreased, although this is likely a statistical fluctuation. In general, GOvernment always keep the victim areas and then make the rehabilitation there. Many reasons as the basics, like economics, politics, culturals, and so on. It is not just the policy of Government, but also the wish of the societies because they have historical experiences with their cities. To solve the high-risk from the earthquake, Government must take the fast decision. One of the decision is relocation. The damages above can be the consideration to deal with that decision.
In conclusion, earthquake is a high-risk natural disaster in the world. Many things can losses because of this disaster. Government must have the policy to relocated the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reason.
Tuesday, March 25, 2008
TASK1-3
TASK 1
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
TUGAS - TUGAS (TASK 1-3)
TASK 1
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
TASK 4
Why are certain plants grown commercially in some countries but not in others?
Most traditional flower crops grown commercially today are the result of many years of intensive selection and breeding. For example, carnations have been grown for over 2000 years and have been improved by breeders since the 16th century, making the carnations that a florist uses today very different from the original wild parents. This means that a wide range of flower colours and forms is available to cater for the fashion trend of the moment.
In sharp contrast, relatively few some countries native plants have been the focus of rigorous improvement programs, and any selection programs have commenced only recently. Ironically, this provides with a competitive advantage. Many country natives are basically still wild plants, grown from seed. Some species, for example kangaroo,elephant, rat paw and wax flower, have already become world crops and offer the market a great diversity of form and colour.
Another perceived difference between people in other country native and traditional cut-flower crops is the length of the flowering season. Under outdoor conditions, many crops like roses and carnations produce flowers throughout most of the year. Other crops like chrysanthemums have a short flowering season, but commercial growers can produce flowers for most of the year by choosing early and late flowering varieties and by artificially controlling the daylength under which they are grown.
Many species mostly flower in spring and have a relatively short flowering season. Little is known about what triggers flowering in these plants, making the manipulation of crops, so that they flower on demand, a long way off. Undoubtedly there are benefits of applying production technology, developed for traditional crops, to native flower growing.
Many native flowers and foliages now being grown commercially were initially mostly bush-picked to first establish market acceptance. Today, most are grown in beds or rows in commercial plantations along the coastal strip where there are suitable growing conditions and good transport links to major domestic and export markets.
maaf pa., tugas2 saya baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang, kemarin2 bermasalah terus dengan blognya... semoga bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
Most traditional flower crops grown commercially today are the result of many years of intensive selection and breeding. For example, carnations have been grown for over 2000 years and have been improved by breeders since the 16th century, making the carnations that a florist uses today very different from the original wild parents. This means that a wide range of flower colours and forms is available to cater for the fashion trend of the moment.
In sharp contrast, relatively few some countries native plants have been the focus of rigorous improvement programs, and any selection programs have commenced only recently. Ironically, this provides with a competitive advantage. Many country natives are basically still wild plants, grown from seed. Some species, for example kangaroo,elephant, rat paw and wax flower, have already become world crops and offer the market a great diversity of form and colour.
Another perceived difference between people in other country native and traditional cut-flower crops is the length of the flowering season. Under outdoor conditions, many crops like roses and carnations produce flowers throughout most of the year. Other crops like chrysanthemums have a short flowering season, but commercial growers can produce flowers for most of the year by choosing early and late flowering varieties and by artificially controlling the daylength under which they are grown.
Many species mostly flower in spring and have a relatively short flowering season. Little is known about what triggers flowering in these plants, making the manipulation of crops, so that they flower on demand, a long way off. Undoubtedly there are benefits of applying production technology, developed for traditional crops, to native flower growing.
Many native flowers and foliages now being grown commercially were initially mostly bush-picked to first establish market acceptance. Today, most are grown in beds or rows in commercial plantations along the coastal strip where there are suitable growing conditions and good transport links to major domestic and export markets.
maaf pa., tugas2 saya baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang, kemarin2 bermasalah terus dengan blognya... semoga bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
Monday, March 24, 2008
task 3: The Government is The Key of Applied Research
Scientific research is a methodical investigation of science in order to discover some new ideas and innovations. This kind of research is done by academic researcher as well as industrial researcher. This research is aimed to develop our knowledge and technology for human mankind and for making our life easier. But in some cases, the scientific research product is not as more as just sheets of papers or journals which have been published without following up, especially in our lovely country, Indonesia. Our scientific research is just like habitual action in university or institution which doesn’t give any contributions for industry and for society. The big deal why our research is just a theoretical research despite of applied research is our government. No attention has been given, and there is a gap between academic research and industry. The government needs to construct a bridge to establish coordination between them both. Hopely, they can dance together in one stage for the same goal, to increase Indonesian’s wealthy.
Everybody knows well that our government does not pay any significant attention to our researchers, that’s why our R&D is not as good and as fast as any other countries. In Indonesia, scientific research is almost like a “garbage” which have no contribution for our nation. A researcher sounds like a volunteer who do his own research without being paid. It is not strange if our geniuses prefer to live in “richer countries” who promising them with a bunch of money.
In many countries, academician and industry have an awesome symbiosis, but in Indonesia is totally different. Both work separately in egocentric. They don’t know what they need each other. As a result, there is a wide gap between them both. Academicians have various high-technologies which brought here after studying abroad. On the contrary, the industries look like a bunch of dumbs who totally rely on outside technologies.
Based on those cases, the government should take some important steps. The government needs to establish coordination between academician and industry and to construct a strong symbiosis. Some policies should be created to support this condition. Bigger budget allocation also has to be considered. As a comparison, 45 % of national budget of Japan has been allocated to R&D sector, meanwhile in Indonesia is only 2 %.
However, the government should realize that we will always depend on foreign techno logy and be a worker nation if we do not start fixing our research mechanism. “The theoretical scientific research” should be “transformed” into applied scientific research for our better industry and society. Academician and industry have to work together to create innovative technologies which can arise our wealthy as a whole. Because in this era, technology determines our own nation’s destiny, and applied research is the key.
Everybody knows well that our government does not pay any significant attention to our researchers, that’s why our R&D is not as good and as fast as any other countries. In Indonesia, scientific research is almost like a “garbage” which have no contribution for our nation. A researcher sounds like a volunteer who do his own research without being paid. It is not strange if our geniuses prefer to live in “richer countries” who promising them with a bunch of money.
In many countries, academician and industry have an awesome symbiosis, but in Indonesia is totally different. Both work separately in egocentric. They don’t know what they need each other. As a result, there is a wide gap between them both. Academicians have various high-technologies which brought here after studying abroad. On the contrary, the industries look like a bunch of dumbs who totally rely on outside technologies.
Based on those cases, the government should take some important steps. The government needs to establish coordination between academician and industry and to construct a strong symbiosis. Some policies should be created to support this condition. Bigger budget allocation also has to be considered. As a comparison, 45 % of national budget of Japan has been allocated to R&D sector, meanwhile in Indonesia is only 2 %.
However, the government should realize that we will always depend on foreign techno logy and be a worker nation if we do not start fixing our research mechanism. “The theoretical scientific research” should be “transformed” into applied scientific research for our better industry and society. Academician and industry have to work together to create innovative technologies which can arise our wealthy as a whole. Because in this era, technology determines our own nation’s destiny, and applied research is the key.
Sunday, March 23, 2008
Plant Distribution
Plant commonly was the producen in every ecosystem which eaten by other organism. Beside that, it’s also produce oxygen. We need this substance for breathing. According to that statement we can see how important was the plant. Without plant, we and other organism couldn’t live. But like the human body requires optimum nutritional from animals and plants, environmental and various other optimum conditions for general well-being and growth, plants also need certain optimum conditions that promote their growth. There are two major factors that the plant need to growth. These are nutritional plant growth factors and environmental plant growth factors.
Nutritional plant growth factors. There are several aspects of plant nutrition, which need to be considered for better growth of plants. The basic nutrients required for plant growth are divided into two main categories namely micronutrients and macronutrients. Macronutrient are the nutrient that the plant need in larger quantities. These are nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur. On the other way, Micronutrients are the nutrient that the plant required in smaller quantities, such as : iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine. Beside macronutrients and micronutrients, plant also need water to growth. Water is one of the most essential factors required in growth of plants. Water plays a crucial role for efficient photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and transportation of minerals and other nutrients through the plant. Water is responsible for functioning of the stomatal opening of leaves and also the source of pressure for the directed growth of roots through the soil.
Environmental plant growth factors. In addition to the nutritional factors there are various environmental factors, which play an instrumental role in enhancing the plant growth. These factors are light, temperature, relative humidity, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and soil. Plants need that to promote the photosynthesis or respiration process direct and undirectly.
As we know, the environmental factors vary based on the land’s geographic. And If any environmental factor is less than ideal, it limits a plant's growth and/or distribution. For example, only plants adapted to limited amounts of water can live in deserts. These conditions make plants growth commercially in a subtropic area, and rare in an extreme conditions area (very high temperature, very low temperature, etc).
Nutritional plant growth factors. There are several aspects of plant nutrition, which need to be considered for better growth of plants. The basic nutrients required for plant growth are divided into two main categories namely micronutrients and macronutrients. Macronutrient are the nutrient that the plant need in larger quantities. These are nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur. On the other way, Micronutrients are the nutrient that the plant required in smaller quantities, such as : iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine. Beside macronutrients and micronutrients, plant also need water to growth. Water is one of the most essential factors required in growth of plants. Water plays a crucial role for efficient photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and transportation of minerals and other nutrients through the plant. Water is responsible for functioning of the stomatal opening of leaves and also the source of pressure for the directed growth of roots through the soil.
Environmental plant growth factors. In addition to the nutritional factors there are various environmental factors, which play an instrumental role in enhancing the plant growth. These factors are light, temperature, relative humidity, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and soil. Plants need that to promote the photosynthesis or respiration process direct and undirectly.
As we know, the environmental factors vary based on the land’s geographic. And If any environmental factor is less than ideal, it limits a plant's growth and/or distribution. For example, only plants adapted to limited amounts of water can live in deserts. These conditions make plants growth commercially in a subtropic area, and rare in an extreme conditions area (very high temperature, very low temperature, etc).
Saturday, March 22, 2008
Developing The country
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
Urban earthquake risk in poor countries is large and rapidly growing. Fifty years ago, the population of the world’s largest earthquake-threatened cities was equally divided between rich and poor countries. Today, there are five times as many people in poor as in rich earthquake-threatened cities. Fifty years ago, the earthquake resistance of buildings in rich countries was better than that of buildings in poor countries, and since then it has steadily improved, while that in poor countries has steadily worsened. By contrast, there are indications that earthquakes in developing countries will increase their lethality in the future.
Hopefully, the technology of management country can prevent the danger of earthquake disaster. The scientist should be trying hard for anticipating of incoming earthquake.
Friday, March 21, 2008
Why are certain plants grown commercially in some countries but not in others?
The problems of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition are essentially the problems of developing countries, and that is where adequate and effective solutions must ultimately be found. Indiscriminate imposition of solutions from outside has not solved the problems and has perhaps aggravated them. If adequate solutions are to be found, it will be necessary to build the capabilities of problem-solvers in the Third World. The complex of production, conservation, processing, and utilization of food represent an interdisciplinary socio-technological problem, and therefore its solution requires a socio-technological approach.
It is essential to train for leadership people who are capable of finding solutions to the problems of food, poverty, and nutrition in relation to socio-economic needs. These needs are essentially national, but in an interdependent world where the problems of one country affect another, agents of destruction such as rats, locusts, insects, climate, and biotic factors need no passports to cross frontiers. Not only national but inter-country co-operation at regional and global levels is called for.
Food habits are also changing. While some nutritious traditional foods of the affluent in developing countries are becoming the exotic foods of developed countries and vice versa, the traditional technologies for the manufacture of many foods of the common man, developed through inherited experience, have become, or are fast becoming, obsolete and may even disappear. These technologies have provided culturally acceptable low-cost foods of high nutritive value. There is now an urgent need for upgrading such foods through the application of modern science and for fostering their integration with newly emerging technologies.
Research has become a vital component of the development process. The ability to identify complex food-related problems socially, scientifically, and technologically and to find solutions for them within a time frame requires creativity and innovative ability and special competence in management of human resources and research and development institutions. Directors of food research institutes in developing countries not only must stimulate their research scientists but also must provide viable answers to planners, policy-makers, entrepreneurs, and extension specialists in different disciplines of both social and natural sciences. Without such capabilities they cannot bridge the credibility gap between research and its users. They must make science and technology an effective means for the desired type of development.
The challenge before educators and leaders in research, especially in Third World countries, in the twenty-first century lies in providing the required multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional socio-technological education and training with a new sense of awareness of the problem of hunger, poverty, and society. They should possess specialized knowledge in depth of at least one or two subjects. Only then will the product of such training be able to provide the required leadership in research, development, and dissemination of knowledge that will be of practical value at the grass roots level. The scientist-manager of research in a research and development institution should be able to look at many dimensions of the problem.
In most countries present institutions do not seem to be designed to provide such education and would need modification or adaptation. It may even be necessary to build new institutions. Initially, such a programme of advanced training can be built on co-operation between institutions in the relevant disciplines to achieve inter-disciplinarity, recognizing the need for developing socio-technological multidisciplinary training in the area of food science and technology
Why can't they live here?
There are some flowers or floras grow in some countries but not in other countries. Like Sakura in Japan, Tulips in Netherlands, or Rafflesia in Indonesia. It makes them unique and reminds us about their homeland. There are some reasons that because they can not grow in other countries such as climate, soil matter, and seed distribution.
Climate includes weather condition, season, and fall of rain, and humidity which affects the way to live the floras. For example Rafflesia can’t live in Europe because less of sun in autumn and winter, lack of rain in summer. Besides that the humidity can’t support the flora’s metabolism. Or tulips are not able live in tropical countries because it can’t endure sunny place and high humidity. It proves Darwin’s theory that there is nature selection.
Every soil has different percentage composition of matter therefore it influence the floras that grows on it. For instant Cactus lives in dessert which lack of water but Rafflesia lives in fertile land that rich on sodium and water. Cactus doesn’t need to absorb much water from soil because it can store water from rain in its stem. But Rafflesia can’t store water so it needs water from soil or from rain.
Floras can live in another place because it is distributed by birds, or insects, or animals, or humans. Tulips can not live in Indonesia maybe there were not birds or insect or animals that could brought the seed so far. But nowadays, human can travel that far. So it is possible to bring the seed to another place and force the seed to grow, but other reasons have to be considered.
For conclusion, some floras can not live in another place because of some reason such as climate, soil matter, and distribution. Nowadays, it is possible to force the floras to live in every place with create the right condition and human help.
THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES THE GROWTH OF PLANT
Plants need a specific place for growing well. Every plant has some characters place respectively. The right place is the place which has a condition that is able to raise productivity. In natural science, there are some factors which can influence the plant for growing. There are abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are factors which come from the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and nutrient of soil. There are the explanations why those factors can influence the growing of plants.
a. Temperature
Environmental temperature is one of important factor determining the distribution of plants, because of its effect on biological process and the inability of most plants to regulate body temperature precisely. For example if a plant is growing in the desert place (country), it can be faded if we plant it in the temperate place (country). The ability of plant to survive in some places is related with the weather or the climate of those places.
b. Sunlight
Sunlight is advantageous for photosynthesis in the plants. But, the light intensity is not the most important factor limiting plant growth in many terrestrial environments, but shading by a forest canopy makes competition for light in the understory intense. Light is also important to the development and behavior of the many plants that are sensitive to photoperiod, the relative lengths of daytime and nighttime. Photoperiod is more reliable indicator then temperature for cuing seasonal events, such as flowering.
c. Water
The readiness of water is being the most important factor for growing the plants. On the other hand, water can cause the die of plants. When the water is abundance, it can break the cell of plant and when the condition is deficiency of water, it can cause the plant become faded.
d. Rocks and nutrient of soil
In this factor, physics structure, pH, and mineral composition of rocks and soil limit the distribution of plants. For terrestrial ecosystem, it contributes to the patchiness.
The four abiotic factors are the major components of climate, the prevailing weather conditions at a locality. In addition, the biotic factors can be the important factors too. The biotic factors are the factors which come from the other organisms. These factors can examine the resistant power of the plant for surviving. The factors include the ability to resistant of plant disease and the ability to compete with the other organism.
There is a species of plant which can live in specific countries, Adenium obesum. Adenium obesum can live in the countries which have desert’s climate (tundra’s biome) or have some lighting all day (savanna or tropic biome). Adenium obesum has a big root, form being a root turber. This part has a function as water depositor. So, this plant can live in desert or tropic countries. Adenium obesum actually comes from Africa such as East Shore Africa until South Africa, and Uni Emirate Arab such as Senegal until Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Namibia. Now, Adenium obesum can be found in Indonesia. It causes that Indonesia has a tropical climate. Adenium obesum is being a commercial plants in Indonesia now. The plant has scarce value. It needs a special treatment to make it still lives in Indonesia, because Indonesia has a rainy season, and we know that Adenium obesum does not need much water in its life. Although this plant has a special treatment, it does not reduce the value of plant because it grows some beautiful flowers in its variety.
Relocating High-Risk Earthquake Cities; Difficult but Possible
Earthquakes are among the most deadly and destructive of natural hazards, killing approximately 1.5 million people between 1900 and 1990. As we know urban seismic risk is rapidly increasing, particularly in developing countries. This means that all countries id earthquake hazardous area had been warned. They must do something to minimize the damage in their high risk cities, as an example is relocate their cities to safer area. But, I think it’s the last option that I recommended. Relocating cities will be necessary in two conditions that will be studying in this essay.
I say that relocating a city is difficult but possible to do. Because relocation is a complex option of earthquakes hazard prevention. As we know a city is the socio-economic center in all countries over the world. It will be so wise, if before relocating a city the governments had been did a deep research about all possible options. They have to know the effect on their populations in socio-economical and historical aspects very well and have prepared the solutions.
Relocation will be necessary in two conditions, in prevention condition and after earthquake response. I think both conditions are in the different urgency. In order to prevent the damage, relocation is not urgent. But, relocation will be great option in the future. In this case, government still having chances to mitigate the risk factor to find the best solutions. Because I believe that there is no one can be able to predict an earthquake when will happen. So, they can develop some mitigation policies, earthquake predictor technologies, and educating people about the earthquake risks in their city. For examples, they can developing some policies that prohibited people move and built new building in their high-risk cities, release safer building design for the area, and build community participation to avoid socio-economical and historical problem.
Relocation is a great option to prevent the next earthquake damage as a response to the major earthquake disaster. In this case, cities have learned about their city risk to seismic disasters after they meet with it. This is the same condition with that very few in our lifetime knew it until the Asian Tsunami in some years ago. So, economical and historical factor won’t be a serious problems if the government has prepared it well before and having enough budget. But, the most important thing is the government readiness to provide new area, covering population’s basic needs, and prepare new city development plan. If there are all factors describe before, the relocation is better than reconstruct the whole city.
Finally, while disasters will always be with us, progress can be achieved in minimizing their effects upon cities by empowering communities through information. In this way they can become full participants in hazard reduction strategies as opposed to victims of circum-stance. Disaster reduction can and must be coupled with policies that serve wider city development goals. In this way, our cities can be built to withstand environmental hazards in a more sustainable manner. (<>.<>)
by Ibnu Purniawan (10205039)
by Ibnu Purniawan (10205039)
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