Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic supercraft. According to me, space exploration give the benefit to the world science. Even it will cost too much money and the gains from human space exploration are really not worth the effort.
Firstly, money spent on space research and development does not dissapear into thin air. It goes toward creating knowledge, jobs, new businesses, and technologies, many of which have direct application to other activities. This is the spin-off argument. A moon initiative will require increased sophistication in, to name a few areas, solar-power generation, cryogenic technologies (cooling and storing liquefied gas), and human-robot interaction. These advances in the state-of-the-art will benefit energy, environment, health care, and many other areas. Many of the capabilities required for human exploration are synergistic with defense needs.
Some people think that space exploration overweight the massive cost. They prefer our world resources and attention should be focused on other areas, such as health-care.
An often-ignored benefit of space activities involves its capacity to increase international cooperation and generate goodwill. A return to the moon will bring the international community together in an activity that pits man against the cosmos. An international effort will not only lower costs through the pooling of resources, it will create concrete links between U.S., Russia, Japan, Europe, even China; and this will have tremendous symbolic over-tones.
In conclusion, space exploration has been overweight the massive cost. But there is a reason that gives space exploration its great symbolic weight-the innate human desire to learn more, to see more, to explore the unknown. While this need does not easily find its way onto a budget sheet, it has an important place in society.
Friday, March 28, 2008
Thursday, March 27, 2008
task 4: Surviving in the Earthquake Areas
Earthquake which shakes the earth’s surface is caused by rapid movement of the earth’s rocky outer layer. Earthquakes occur when energy stored within the earth is suddenly released. This energy is transmitted to the surface by earthquake waves, causing the damage and harming many people. Earthquakes frequently occur in the areas near the volcanoes or the faults (cracks in the earth’s crust). Based on this condition, people who live in these areas should be relocated. If they do not want to, earthquakes will crush their economy, destroy the buildings and the facilities, and remain them severe life. However, there are several problems related to economic and historical background which make
them to keep staying. As a consequence, they have to find some new ways and strategies for surviving in this ‘death area’.
Earthquakes can cause million dollars of damage and harm thousands of people. Recorded that in 1906, San Francisco was shaken by a large earthquake caused almost 3.000 people were killed and 225.000 left homeless. In Kobe 1995 a tremor occurred, caused 6.000 deaths and left another 300.000 people homeless. Many industries collapsed, million dollars lost, the economy crushed, and need more than a year to put the city back to work.
The areas near the volcanoes (such as in Japan and Hawaii) or the faults (such as in San Francisco) are the most dangerous areas. The earthquakes can occur frequently, periodically and unpredictably, crushing the buildings and killing many people. To minimize the damage and casualties, the dweller and all of the facilities should be relocated.
Now, some problems have arisen. Relocating the dwellers is not as simple as just
clapping our hand. The first problem is finding a new area to be dwelled, meanwhile the land is so limited and the price is so high. Secondly, some particular industries and agriculture could not survive in another region. The last, people could not forget their homeland historical background easily and of course will affect their psychologies.
For those reasons, we have to find some new ways to make people live in earthquake area comfortably. New structure that could not be broken easily has been designed. The earthquake detection systems are developed more accurately. And the people should know well what they have to do if an earthquake happens. These all are our attempts for surviving in the death earthquake area although we cannot against the power of nature.
them to keep staying. As a consequence, they have to find some new ways and strategies for surviving in this ‘death area’.
Earthquakes can cause million dollars of damage and harm thousands of people. Recorded that in 1906, San Francisco was shaken by a large earthquake caused almost 3.000 people were killed and 225.000 left homeless. In Kobe 1995 a tremor occurred, caused 6.000 deaths and left another 300.000 people homeless. Many industries collapsed, million dollars lost, the economy crushed, and need more than a year to put the city back to work.
The areas near the volcanoes (such as in Japan and Hawaii) or the faults (such as in San Francisco) are the most dangerous areas. The earthquakes can occur frequently, periodically and unpredictably, crushing the buildings and killing many people. To minimize the damage and casualties, the dweller and all of the facilities should be relocated.
Now, some problems have arisen. Relocating the dwellers is not as simple as just
clapping our hand. The first problem is finding a new area to be dwelled, meanwhile the land is so limited and the price is so high. Secondly, some particular industries and agriculture could not survive in another region. The last, people could not forget their homeland historical background easily and of course will affect their psychologies.
For those reasons, we have to find some new ways to make people live in earthquake area comfortably. New structure that could not be broken easily has been designed. The earthquake detection systems are developed more accurately. And the people should know well what they have to do if an earthquake happens. These all are our attempts for surviving in the death earthquake area although we cannot against the power of nature.
The theoretical scientific research controversial
The theoretical scientific research undertakes research in the agricultural, biological, physical and social sciences. These industries may manage agricultural or biological research businesses. They may be involved in running economic or social science research organisation or food, medical, industrial or scientific research organisation. In addition, they may be such places as space tracking stations or observatories. On the other side, there are several things which still debated by some kind of people.
The debate centers on how much public money should be spent on scientific research and on which areas of research should receive funding. Policymakers who support public funding believe this research creates knowledge that complements private industry research and development investment by providing new ideas for products or processes or by helping firms to solve technical problems with their existing projects. On the other side, those who want to discontinue or reduce public funding believe this research substitutes for private research and development investment by drawing important research inputs out of the private sector or by funding a project that would otherwise have been pursued by industry firms.
This analysis comprises businesses in scientific research and development services and educational support services. Scientific research and development services include businesses conducting research and analyses in social sciences and humanities. The educational support industry includes businesses providing non instructional services that support educational processes or systems. These can include activities related to educational research such as educational consulting and testing.
by : mr_arkanuddin (10205059)
Wednesday, March 26, 2008
Cities Relocation
An earthquake is caused by the shaking of the ground due to an abrupt shift of rock along a fracture in the Earth, called a fault. The impact of earthquake was felt in many countries. Earthquake can damages the infrastructures and make loss of livelihood. The important thing is how to recovery the victim of this natural disaster. I think that relocated should be done to the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reasons.
The first, earthquake damages the infrastructures. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of few metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures as dams, bridges, and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.
Secondly, earthquake makes loss of livelihood. Earthquake may result in disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to collapse in future earthquakes. Many of the local craftspersons have died in the earthquake. Besides, most of them lost their houses, workshops, and tools, and are likely to face bleak days ahead. The loss of their income opportunities due to loss of productive human and phsyical assets in the areas has been a major consequence of the earthquake. This disaster is dangerous for societies who lives in the high-risk earthquake areas.
In fact, in recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year is actually decreased, although this is likely a statistical fluctuation. In general, GOvernment always keep the victim areas and then make the rehabilitation there. Many reasons as the basics, like economics, politics, culturals, and so on. It is not just the policy of Government, but also the wish of the societies because they have historical experiences with their cities. To solve the high-risk from the earthquake, Government must take the fast decision. One of the decision is relocation. The damages above can be the consideration to deal with that decision.
In conclusion, earthquake is a high-risk natural disaster in the world. Many things can losses because of this disaster. Government must have the policy to relocated the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reason.
The first, earthquake damages the infrastructures. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of few metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures as dams, bridges, and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.
Secondly, earthquake makes loss of livelihood. Earthquake may result in disease, lack of basic necessities, loss of life, higher insurance premiums, general property damage, road and bridge damage, and collapse of buildings or destabilization of the base of buildings which may lead to collapse in future earthquakes. Many of the local craftspersons have died in the earthquake. Besides, most of them lost their houses, workshops, and tools, and are likely to face bleak days ahead. The loss of their income opportunities due to loss of productive human and phsyical assets in the areas has been a major consequence of the earthquake. This disaster is dangerous for societies who lives in the high-risk earthquake areas.
In fact, in recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year is actually decreased, although this is likely a statistical fluctuation. In general, GOvernment always keep the victim areas and then make the rehabilitation there. Many reasons as the basics, like economics, politics, culturals, and so on. It is not just the policy of Government, but also the wish of the societies because they have historical experiences with their cities. To solve the high-risk from the earthquake, Government must take the fast decision. One of the decision is relocation. The damages above can be the consideration to deal with that decision.
In conclusion, earthquake is a high-risk natural disaster in the world. Many things can losses because of this disaster. Government must have the policy to relocated the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reason.
Tuesday, March 25, 2008
TASK1-3
TASK 1
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
TUGAS - TUGAS (TASK 1-3)
TASK 1
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
My band is my hobby
The things what I like in the world is my hobby, playing music with my group. I think playing music can make our brain stabil, between the right and the left brain, also I can feel relax, and of course it very fun for me. My music group or we can call it ‘band’, the name of my band is The Reject. At present my band wanna be famous, because yesterday at the moment of Petroleiron closing ceremony we on the one stage with the one famous band in Indonesia, Naif. It is very amazing experience for us. Surely, I love my hobby, I love my band.
TASK 2
Why Do We Explore Space?
Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring, investigating and researching something with so few benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth, or in our own country.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic make up. What drove our distant ancestors to move from the trees into the plains? Was it the lack of skills to compete in one ecological niche? If so, the adaptations selected for after the move have resulted in a species expanding into all possible areas and environments. The drive to spread genetic material and ensure the success of not just the species, but of one type of genetic
material. The wider the distribution of a species, the better the chance of survival.
Culturally nearly every successful civilization has been willing to explore. In exploring, dangers of surrounding areas may be learned and prepared for. Dangers may be political enemies in neighboring cultures, physical features of the area, a change in the area which might effect food supplies or any other number of factors. All pose a real danger and all may be made less dangerous if certain preparations are made. Without knowledge, the danger may strike and completely destroy. With knowledge, the effects or consequences may be lessened.
Exploration also allows resources to be located. Resources translate into power and success at survival. Whether the success be financial, political or genetic additional resources are always a boon when used wisely. In any of the three manners, use of resources allows a heightened percentage for survival. If the resources have no immediate need, then perhaps later the resources will be used.
Resources may be more than physical assets. Knowledge or techniques acquired in exploring or preparing to explore always filter from the developers to the general populace. Techniques may be medical applications, uses for drugs or ways of living to increase the quantity of time lived or the quality of that time. Techniques may be social, allowing the people in a society to better understand those within or outside the culture. Better understanding may lead to better use of resources or a lessening of outright competition for the resources.
Human technology is reaching the point where it might be able to detect such a threat and allow us to do something about it. The danger exist, knowledge can allow us as a species to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to sustain life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow other planets and moons to become inhabited. True the life style would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. Our genetic makeup will allow humans to move into unoccupied niches and flourish.
The culture group holding the high ground, in this case space, has attained a great advantage over other groups. It can see farther, act sooner and be safer from attack. In space all of these things are true. The culture which expands is like and organism which adapts. It may be found everywhere. If one group is eliminated, the species as a whole survives.
TASK 3
Factors Which May Contribute to Heart disease (also called: Cardiac disease)
in Western Society
If you're like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. It is also a major cause of disability. There are many different forms of heart disease. The most common cause of heart disease is narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself. This is called coronary artery disease and happens slowly over time. It's the major reason people have heart attacks. Other kinds of heart problems may happen to the valves in the heart, or the heart may not pump well and cause heart failure. Some people are born with heart disease.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.
The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can not. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk.
What are the major risk factors that can not be changed?
• Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
• Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
• Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans.
What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?
• Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'.
• High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
• High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
• Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
• Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop.
• Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.
What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?
• Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
• Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.
maaf juga, tugas-tugas yang ini sebenarnya sudah dikirim pada waktunya, hanya saja dikirimnya lewat email...dan baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang...
harap bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
TASK 4
Why are certain plants grown commercially in some countries but not in others?
Most traditional flower crops grown commercially today are the result of many years of intensive selection and breeding. For example, carnations have been grown for over 2000 years and have been improved by breeders since the 16th century, making the carnations that a florist uses today very different from the original wild parents. This means that a wide range of flower colours and forms is available to cater for the fashion trend of the moment.
In sharp contrast, relatively few some countries native plants have been the focus of rigorous improvement programs, and any selection programs have commenced only recently. Ironically, this provides with a competitive advantage. Many country natives are basically still wild plants, grown from seed. Some species, for example kangaroo,elephant, rat paw and wax flower, have already become world crops and offer the market a great diversity of form and colour.
Another perceived difference between people in other country native and traditional cut-flower crops is the length of the flowering season. Under outdoor conditions, many crops like roses and carnations produce flowers throughout most of the year. Other crops like chrysanthemums have a short flowering season, but commercial growers can produce flowers for most of the year by choosing early and late flowering varieties and by artificially controlling the daylength under which they are grown.
Many species mostly flower in spring and have a relatively short flowering season. Little is known about what triggers flowering in these plants, making the manipulation of crops, so that they flower on demand, a long way off. Undoubtedly there are benefits of applying production technology, developed for traditional crops, to native flower growing.
Many native flowers and foliages now being grown commercially were initially mostly bush-picked to first establish market acceptance. Today, most are grown in beds or rows in commercial plantations along the coastal strip where there are suitable growing conditions and good transport links to major domestic and export markets.
maaf pa., tugas2 saya baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang, kemarin2 bermasalah terus dengan blognya... semoga bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
Most traditional flower crops grown commercially today are the result of many years of intensive selection and breeding. For example, carnations have been grown for over 2000 years and have been improved by breeders since the 16th century, making the carnations that a florist uses today very different from the original wild parents. This means that a wide range of flower colours and forms is available to cater for the fashion trend of the moment.
In sharp contrast, relatively few some countries native plants have been the focus of rigorous improvement programs, and any selection programs have commenced only recently. Ironically, this provides with a competitive advantage. Many country natives are basically still wild plants, grown from seed. Some species, for example kangaroo,elephant, rat paw and wax flower, have already become world crops and offer the market a great diversity of form and colour.
Another perceived difference between people in other country native and traditional cut-flower crops is the length of the flowering season. Under outdoor conditions, many crops like roses and carnations produce flowers throughout most of the year. Other crops like chrysanthemums have a short flowering season, but commercial growers can produce flowers for most of the year by choosing early and late flowering varieties and by artificially controlling the daylength under which they are grown.
Many species mostly flower in spring and have a relatively short flowering season. Little is known about what triggers flowering in these plants, making the manipulation of crops, so that they flower on demand, a long way off. Undoubtedly there are benefits of applying production technology, developed for traditional crops, to native flower growing.
Many native flowers and foliages now being grown commercially were initially mostly bush-picked to first establish market acceptance. Today, most are grown in beds or rows in commercial plantations along the coastal strip where there are suitable growing conditions and good transport links to major domestic and export markets.
maaf pa., tugas2 saya baru bisa di up load di blog sekarang, kemarin2 bermasalah terus dengan blognya... semoga bapak memakluminya...
Aditia Zulfikar
(10205041)
Monday, March 24, 2008
task 3: The Government is The Key of Applied Research
Scientific research is a methodical investigation of science in order to discover some new ideas and innovations. This kind of research is done by academic researcher as well as industrial researcher. This research is aimed to develop our knowledge and technology for human mankind and for making our life easier. But in some cases, the scientific research product is not as more as just sheets of papers or journals which have been published without following up, especially in our lovely country, Indonesia. Our scientific research is just like habitual action in university or institution which doesn’t give any contributions for industry and for society. The big deal why our research is just a theoretical research despite of applied research is our government. No attention has been given, and there is a gap between academic research and industry. The government needs to construct a bridge to establish coordination between them both. Hopely, they can dance together in one stage for the same goal, to increase Indonesian’s wealthy.
Everybody knows well that our government does not pay any significant attention to our researchers, that’s why our R&D is not as good and as fast as any other countries. In Indonesia, scientific research is almost like a “garbage” which have no contribution for our nation. A researcher sounds like a volunteer who do his own research without being paid. It is not strange if our geniuses prefer to live in “richer countries” who promising them with a bunch of money.
In many countries, academician and industry have an awesome symbiosis, but in Indonesia is totally different. Both work separately in egocentric. They don’t know what they need each other. As a result, there is a wide gap between them both. Academicians have various high-technologies which brought here after studying abroad. On the contrary, the industries look like a bunch of dumbs who totally rely on outside technologies.
Based on those cases, the government should take some important steps. The government needs to establish coordination between academician and industry and to construct a strong symbiosis. Some policies should be created to support this condition. Bigger budget allocation also has to be considered. As a comparison, 45 % of national budget of Japan has been allocated to R&D sector, meanwhile in Indonesia is only 2 %.
However, the government should realize that we will always depend on foreign techno logy and be a worker nation if we do not start fixing our research mechanism. “The theoretical scientific research” should be “transformed” into applied scientific research for our better industry and society. Academician and industry have to work together to create innovative technologies which can arise our wealthy as a whole. Because in this era, technology determines our own nation’s destiny, and applied research is the key.
Everybody knows well that our government does not pay any significant attention to our researchers, that’s why our R&D is not as good and as fast as any other countries. In Indonesia, scientific research is almost like a “garbage” which have no contribution for our nation. A researcher sounds like a volunteer who do his own research without being paid. It is not strange if our geniuses prefer to live in “richer countries” who promising them with a bunch of money.
In many countries, academician and industry have an awesome symbiosis, but in Indonesia is totally different. Both work separately in egocentric. They don’t know what they need each other. As a result, there is a wide gap between them both. Academicians have various high-technologies which brought here after studying abroad. On the contrary, the industries look like a bunch of dumbs who totally rely on outside technologies.
Based on those cases, the government should take some important steps. The government needs to establish coordination between academician and industry and to construct a strong symbiosis. Some policies should be created to support this condition. Bigger budget allocation also has to be considered. As a comparison, 45 % of national budget of Japan has been allocated to R&D sector, meanwhile in Indonesia is only 2 %.
However, the government should realize that we will always depend on foreign techno logy and be a worker nation if we do not start fixing our research mechanism. “The theoretical scientific research” should be “transformed” into applied scientific research for our better industry and society. Academician and industry have to work together to create innovative technologies which can arise our wealthy as a whole. Because in this era, technology determines our own nation’s destiny, and applied research is the key.
Sunday, March 23, 2008
Plant Distribution
Plant commonly was the producen in every ecosystem which eaten by other organism. Beside that, it’s also produce oxygen. We need this substance for breathing. According to that statement we can see how important was the plant. Without plant, we and other organism couldn’t live. But like the human body requires optimum nutritional from animals and plants, environmental and various other optimum conditions for general well-being and growth, plants also need certain optimum conditions that promote their growth. There are two major factors that the plant need to growth. These are nutritional plant growth factors and environmental plant growth factors.
Nutritional plant growth factors. There are several aspects of plant nutrition, which need to be considered for better growth of plants. The basic nutrients required for plant growth are divided into two main categories namely micronutrients and macronutrients. Macronutrient are the nutrient that the plant need in larger quantities. These are nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur. On the other way, Micronutrients are the nutrient that the plant required in smaller quantities, such as : iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine. Beside macronutrients and micronutrients, plant also need water to growth. Water is one of the most essential factors required in growth of plants. Water plays a crucial role for efficient photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and transportation of minerals and other nutrients through the plant. Water is responsible for functioning of the stomatal opening of leaves and also the source of pressure for the directed growth of roots through the soil.
Environmental plant growth factors. In addition to the nutritional factors there are various environmental factors, which play an instrumental role in enhancing the plant growth. These factors are light, temperature, relative humidity, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and soil. Plants need that to promote the photosynthesis or respiration process direct and undirectly.
As we know, the environmental factors vary based on the land’s geographic. And If any environmental factor is less than ideal, it limits a plant's growth and/or distribution. For example, only plants adapted to limited amounts of water can live in deserts. These conditions make plants growth commercially in a subtropic area, and rare in an extreme conditions area (very high temperature, very low temperature, etc).
Nutritional plant growth factors. There are several aspects of plant nutrition, which need to be considered for better growth of plants. The basic nutrients required for plant growth are divided into two main categories namely micronutrients and macronutrients. Macronutrient are the nutrient that the plant need in larger quantities. These are nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur. On the other way, Micronutrients are the nutrient that the plant required in smaller quantities, such as : iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine. Beside macronutrients and micronutrients, plant also need water to growth. Water is one of the most essential factors required in growth of plants. Water plays a crucial role for efficient photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and transportation of minerals and other nutrients through the plant. Water is responsible for functioning of the stomatal opening of leaves and also the source of pressure for the directed growth of roots through the soil.
Environmental plant growth factors. In addition to the nutritional factors there are various environmental factors, which play an instrumental role in enhancing the plant growth. These factors are light, temperature, relative humidity, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and soil. Plants need that to promote the photosynthesis or respiration process direct and undirectly.
As we know, the environmental factors vary based on the land’s geographic. And If any environmental factor is less than ideal, it limits a plant's growth and/or distribution. For example, only plants adapted to limited amounts of water can live in deserts. These conditions make plants growth commercially in a subtropic area, and rare in an extreme conditions area (very high temperature, very low temperature, etc).
Saturday, March 22, 2008
Developing The country
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
Urban earthquake risk in poor countries is large and rapidly growing. Fifty years ago, the population of the world’s largest earthquake-threatened cities was equally divided between rich and poor countries. Today, there are five times as many people in poor as in rich earthquake-threatened cities. Fifty years ago, the earthquake resistance of buildings in rich countries was better than that of buildings in poor countries, and since then it has steadily improved, while that in poor countries has steadily worsened. By contrast, there are indications that earthquakes in developing countries will increase their lethality in the future.
Hopefully, the technology of management country can prevent the danger of earthquake disaster. The scientist should be trying hard for anticipating of incoming earthquake.
Friday, March 21, 2008
Why are certain plants grown commercially in some countries but not in others?
The problems of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition are essentially the problems of developing countries, and that is where adequate and effective solutions must ultimately be found. Indiscriminate imposition of solutions from outside has not solved the problems and has perhaps aggravated them. If adequate solutions are to be found, it will be necessary to build the capabilities of problem-solvers in the Third World. The complex of production, conservation, processing, and utilization of food represent an interdisciplinary socio-technological problem, and therefore its solution requires a socio-technological approach.
It is essential to train for leadership people who are capable of finding solutions to the problems of food, poverty, and nutrition in relation to socio-economic needs. These needs are essentially national, but in an interdependent world where the problems of one country affect another, agents of destruction such as rats, locusts, insects, climate, and biotic factors need no passports to cross frontiers. Not only national but inter-country co-operation at regional and global levels is called for.
Food habits are also changing. While some nutritious traditional foods of the affluent in developing countries are becoming the exotic foods of developed countries and vice versa, the traditional technologies for the manufacture of many foods of the common man, developed through inherited experience, have become, or are fast becoming, obsolete and may even disappear. These technologies have provided culturally acceptable low-cost foods of high nutritive value. There is now an urgent need for upgrading such foods through the application of modern science and for fostering their integration with newly emerging technologies.
Research has become a vital component of the development process. The ability to identify complex food-related problems socially, scientifically, and technologically and to find solutions for them within a time frame requires creativity and innovative ability and special competence in management of human resources and research and development institutions. Directors of food research institutes in developing countries not only must stimulate their research scientists but also must provide viable answers to planners, policy-makers, entrepreneurs, and extension specialists in different disciplines of both social and natural sciences. Without such capabilities they cannot bridge the credibility gap between research and its users. They must make science and technology an effective means for the desired type of development.
The challenge before educators and leaders in research, especially in Third World countries, in the twenty-first century lies in providing the required multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional socio-technological education and training with a new sense of awareness of the problem of hunger, poverty, and society. They should possess specialized knowledge in depth of at least one or two subjects. Only then will the product of such training be able to provide the required leadership in research, development, and dissemination of knowledge that will be of practical value at the grass roots level. The scientist-manager of research in a research and development institution should be able to look at many dimensions of the problem.
In most countries present institutions do not seem to be designed to provide such education and would need modification or adaptation. It may even be necessary to build new institutions. Initially, such a programme of advanced training can be built on co-operation between institutions in the relevant disciplines to achieve inter-disciplinarity, recognizing the need for developing socio-technological multidisciplinary training in the area of food science and technology
Why can't they live here?
There are some flowers or floras grow in some countries but not in other countries. Like Sakura in Japan, Tulips in Netherlands, or Rafflesia in Indonesia. It makes them unique and reminds us about their homeland. There are some reasons that because they can not grow in other countries such as climate, soil matter, and seed distribution.
Climate includes weather condition, season, and fall of rain, and humidity which affects the way to live the floras. For example Rafflesia can’t live in Europe because less of sun in autumn and winter, lack of rain in summer. Besides that the humidity can’t support the flora’s metabolism. Or tulips are not able live in tropical countries because it can’t endure sunny place and high humidity. It proves Darwin’s theory that there is nature selection.
Every soil has different percentage composition of matter therefore it influence the floras that grows on it. For instant Cactus lives in dessert which lack of water but Rafflesia lives in fertile land that rich on sodium and water. Cactus doesn’t need to absorb much water from soil because it can store water from rain in its stem. But Rafflesia can’t store water so it needs water from soil or from rain.
Floras can live in another place because it is distributed by birds, or insects, or animals, or humans. Tulips can not live in Indonesia maybe there were not birds or insect or animals that could brought the seed so far. But nowadays, human can travel that far. So it is possible to bring the seed to another place and force the seed to grow, but other reasons have to be considered.
For conclusion, some floras can not live in another place because of some reason such as climate, soil matter, and distribution. Nowadays, it is possible to force the floras to live in every place with create the right condition and human help.
THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES THE GROWTH OF PLANT
Plants need a specific place for growing well. Every plant has some characters place respectively. The right place is the place which has a condition that is able to raise productivity. In natural science, there are some factors which can influence the plant for growing. There are abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are factors which come from the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and nutrient of soil. There are the explanations why those factors can influence the growing of plants.
a. Temperature
Environmental temperature is one of important factor determining the distribution of plants, because of its effect on biological process and the inability of most plants to regulate body temperature precisely. For example if a plant is growing in the desert place (country), it can be faded if we plant it in the temperate place (country). The ability of plant to survive in some places is related with the weather or the climate of those places.
b. Sunlight
Sunlight is advantageous for photosynthesis in the plants. But, the light intensity is not the most important factor limiting plant growth in many terrestrial environments, but shading by a forest canopy makes competition for light in the understory intense. Light is also important to the development and behavior of the many plants that are sensitive to photoperiod, the relative lengths of daytime and nighttime. Photoperiod is more reliable indicator then temperature for cuing seasonal events, such as flowering.
c. Water
The readiness of water is being the most important factor for growing the plants. On the other hand, water can cause the die of plants. When the water is abundance, it can break the cell of plant and when the condition is deficiency of water, it can cause the plant become faded.
d. Rocks and nutrient of soil
In this factor, physics structure, pH, and mineral composition of rocks and soil limit the distribution of plants. For terrestrial ecosystem, it contributes to the patchiness.
The four abiotic factors are the major components of climate, the prevailing weather conditions at a locality. In addition, the biotic factors can be the important factors too. The biotic factors are the factors which come from the other organisms. These factors can examine the resistant power of the plant for surviving. The factors include the ability to resistant of plant disease and the ability to compete with the other organism.
There is a species of plant which can live in specific countries, Adenium obesum. Adenium obesum can live in the countries which have desert’s climate (tundra’s biome) or have some lighting all day (savanna or tropic biome). Adenium obesum has a big root, form being a root turber. This part has a function as water depositor. So, this plant can live in desert or tropic countries. Adenium obesum actually comes from Africa such as East Shore Africa until South Africa, and Uni Emirate Arab such as Senegal until Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Namibia. Now, Adenium obesum can be found in Indonesia. It causes that Indonesia has a tropical climate. Adenium obesum is being a commercial plants in Indonesia now. The plant has scarce value. It needs a special treatment to make it still lives in Indonesia, because Indonesia has a rainy season, and we know that Adenium obesum does not need much water in its life. Although this plant has a special treatment, it does not reduce the value of plant because it grows some beautiful flowers in its variety.
Relocating High-Risk Earthquake Cities; Difficult but Possible
Earthquakes are among the most deadly and destructive of natural hazards, killing approximately 1.5 million people between 1900 and 1990. As we know urban seismic risk is rapidly increasing, particularly in developing countries. This means that all countries id earthquake hazardous area had been warned. They must do something to minimize the damage in their high risk cities, as an example is relocate their cities to safer area. But, I think it’s the last option that I recommended. Relocating cities will be necessary in two conditions that will be studying in this essay.
I say that relocating a city is difficult but possible to do. Because relocation is a complex option of earthquakes hazard prevention. As we know a city is the socio-economic center in all countries over the world. It will be so wise, if before relocating a city the governments had been did a deep research about all possible options. They have to know the effect on their populations in socio-economical and historical aspects very well and have prepared the solutions.
Relocation will be necessary in two conditions, in prevention condition and after earthquake response. I think both conditions are in the different urgency. In order to prevent the damage, relocation is not urgent. But, relocation will be great option in the future. In this case, government still having chances to mitigate the risk factor to find the best solutions. Because I believe that there is no one can be able to predict an earthquake when will happen. So, they can develop some mitigation policies, earthquake predictor technologies, and educating people about the earthquake risks in their city. For examples, they can developing some policies that prohibited people move and built new building in their high-risk cities, release safer building design for the area, and build community participation to avoid socio-economical and historical problem.
Relocation is a great option to prevent the next earthquake damage as a response to the major earthquake disaster. In this case, cities have learned about their city risk to seismic disasters after they meet with it. This is the same condition with that very few in our lifetime knew it until the Asian Tsunami in some years ago. So, economical and historical factor won’t be a serious problems if the government has prepared it well before and having enough budget. But, the most important thing is the government readiness to provide new area, covering population’s basic needs, and prepare new city development plan. If there are all factors describe before, the relocation is better than reconstruct the whole city.
Finally, while disasters will always be with us, progress can be achieved in minimizing their effects upon cities by empowering communities through information. In this way they can become full participants in hazard reduction strategies as opposed to victims of circum-stance. Disaster reduction can and must be coupled with policies that serve wider city development goals. In this way, our cities can be built to withstand environmental hazards in a more sustainable manner. (<>.<>)
by Ibnu Purniawan (10205039)
by Ibnu Purniawan (10205039)
Earthquake-prone Cities Relocation
Earthquake is a destructive natural disasters occurs when the earth’s surface shake caused by rapid movement of the earth outer layer. Active earthquake zones nearby Pacific Ocean, western coasts of North and South America, North Tehran Fault and North Anatolian Fault responsible for an average of 80 percent of the energy released in earthquakes worldwide. It deals with several thousand small to moderate earthquake each year, which cause tragic consequences such as killing thousands of people and caused enormous damaged. This essay will discuss weather those cities that most at risk for seismic calamity should be relocated or rebuilt to overcome frequent earthquake each year.
The favor of moving the cities that most at risk for seismic calamity to safer ground has been under discussion, since these involve in many factors. Earthquake prone cities should be relocated due to we know the hazard for these cities and it is too dangerous to rebuild in the same location. Although, earthquake education and preparedness plans can help significantly reduce death and injury caused by earthquakes, it still high risks to get hazard effect by similar earthquake. Although, the process to relocate takes long time and costly but it still the best solution. Moreover, it’s impossible to transform all the building in crowded cities to become buildings earthquake-resistant. In addition, cities relocation is possible to carry out. Some countries have moved their before, such as Germany moved its capital from Bonn to Berlin, Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Astana, in part because of its location in an earthquake-prone area.
Even though, it possible to relocate the cities for some countries, but it depends on many aspects especially economic condition of the country. Relocation earthquake-prone in developing country will make more complicated finance problem, beside needs more effort to relocated thousands of citizens. Additionally, most of the cities nearby active earthquake zones are seismic, even moving miles away still can not guarantee a safer future. Since, that cities prone to earthquakes, it should learn how to prevent such disasters, as Japan and the United States have done.
Furthermore, scientists and engineers have greatly improved earthquake-resistant designs for buildings in which compatible with modern architecture and building materials. They also can analyze computer models of the motions of buildings in the most hazardous earthquake zones to predict possible damage and to suggest what reinforcement is needed. In addition, engineers can minimize earthquake damage the buildings by using flexible and reinforced materials that can withstand shaking in buildings. Seismologists try to predict how likely it is that an earthquake will occur, with a specified time, place, and size. Earthquake prediction also includes calculating how a strong ground motion will affect a certain area if an earthquake does occur. Scientists can use the growing catalogue of recorded earthquakes to estimate when and where strong seismic motions may occur, so people can anticipate the consequences.
In brief, seismologists know the sources of seismicity and people can learn how to live with earthquake. There are many way to overcome earthquake, so relocation earthquake-prone cities is not the only one the best solution.
Why are certaian plants grown commercially in some countries but not in others?
There are many factors which contribute for influence certain plants grown in some countries, but not in others. One of the most important factor is geographic or topographical condition that country. This factor can influence type of climate, temperature and soil in that coutry. Usually certain plants may grow if only support by the certain temperature. For example, Apple may grow in the north temperate zone, such as Europe, Asia and North America but can’t grow in another temperature. Another example, Egypt is a country with very lack of water, not only water but also the characteristic of the soil. Contain of the soil is not support to develop an agriculture area, because the soil is very dry. Only certain plants may grow in that place, such as cactus or date’s fruits. In other hand, indonesia is located in “chatulistiwa” line, so that Indonesia is very rich country of natural resources and plants.
Riddar Kurnia (10205029)
Riddar Kurnia (10205029)
Task 4
Plant commerce factor
Plants are a major group of life forms in the world such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. Nowadays, there are about 350,000 species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes, ferns and fern allies, those estimated to exist. Basically, plants need water (from rainfall), sunlight, nutrients in soil and warmth, but every plant has it own condition to live. For an example are cacti, cacti are adaptable to environment that hot and extremely dry and having little or no rain.
Plants have many uses for human, like for food, medicine, cosmetics, even now plants is a solution for alternative energy. Beside the basic factor growth of plants these human interest also can affect the plants to grow commercially in some countries, as we seen now plants has being commodities that very important in commerce.
The fact above answer why are certain plants grown commercially in some countries but not in other. The plants need suitable place to live that can support it life processes, and the interest of human is being an important factor for the plants to grow commercially
Factors Affecting The Cultivation of Commercially Plants
For many centuries, plants have become one of the most important parts of human life. People grow plants as source of food, medicine, and decoration. Plants which have highest values to human life tend to be grown commercially. However, there are certain factors that cause them to be grown in some countries but not in others. These factors are the habitat of the plant and the culture of people.
Habitat is the place where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows. Each habitat provides specific environmental and physical conditions such as temperature, humidity, soil, rainfall, and pollinator agent favorable for specific plants to survive. Suitable temperature, humidity, soil, and rainfall will help them to produce enough energy for their optimum growth, while the presence of pollinator agent will help them reproduce more efficiently. If one of those components is not suitable for the plants, their growth will not be optimum and the worse situation that could happen is the death of the plant. That is what could happen when plant from tropical countries are being grown in sub-tropic countries or vice versa.
The Culture of people in a country is also the reason why some plants are grown commercially in some country but not in others. As an example, wheat is one of the plants that are naturally found in Western countries. The people of the Western countries are used to eat food derived from wheat. That is why; they prefer wheat as their carbohydrate source. As a result, the demand on wheat in Western countries is higher than any other carbohydrate-rich food source, resulting in the cultivation of this plant commercially. This condition will be different if we are talking about Asian people who prefer rice as their carbohydrate source.
The habitat of plants and the culture of people are two factors that affect the cultivation of plants in a certain place. Suitable habitat will help plant to produce optimum energy for their growth and the culture of people will influence the demand on that plant. Combinations of both factors will lead certain plants to become more commercially grown in some countries but not in others.
We are living in a Ring of Fire.
In December 26th 2004, an 9.3 Richter-scale earthquake in Aceh and North Sumatera caused the tsunami waves in Indian Ocean, killed more than 120.000 peoples, 100.000 peoples in injuries, 517.000 peoples lost their houses, 50% of the buildings were damaged. Recently, the 2007 Bengkulu, Sumatera, an 8.4 Richter-scale earthquake also caused dozens of death and million rupiah losses. These disasters show the damage earthquakes can inflict. Although future losses are uncertain, I believe that cities located in high-risk earthquake areas should be relocated despite opposition based on economic and historical reason.
Firstly, there are many type of losses earthquake cause. These types are physical, economical and social type of losses. The first type is physical losses that earthquake cause such as deaths, injuries, and damage to buildings and other structures. Damage here means the direct physical effects of the earthquakes. The second type is economical losses consist of direct financial cost and indirect financial cost. The direct financial cost is the cost needed to rebuild the amount of losses, such as the cost needed to rebuild the damage building and other structures, and the cost needed to build the temporary shelter for the victims. While, the indirect financial cost means those cost needed resulting from business interruptions. As all we know, when the buildings are damaged, the roads are blocked, and the water pipes are broken, the business activities in the areas are all suddenly stopped. The chain of distributions is stuck. The supplier cannot deliver their goods because the roads are blocked. The supply of rice is vanished, because the warehouse that used to keep the rice is flooded by the broken water pipes. The third type is social losses that are the direct social effects to the victims, such as the low-income housing, increased housing rents, increased homelessness, the huge costs of repairing needed by the communities, and the trauma of the victims. They feel trauma, fear, because of the physical and economical losses. These social losses need long period of time to cure and to relieve their social and psychological condition.
Secondly, the earth’s crust is always moving, so we can’t predict the exact time when will the earthquake occur. Our Earth is continually changing and consists of many spheres; one of them is called lithosphere. The Earth’s lithosphere is a patchwork of plates in slow but constant motion caused by the release to space the heat in the Earth’s mantle and core. The heat causes the rock in the Earth to flow on geological timescales, so that the plates move slowly but surely. The movement of the plates will generate the seismic waves. These waves cause the ground shaking, liquefaction, ground rupture, surface faulting, landslides and damaging water waves. Seismic waves can be measured by a device called seismograph. Even nowadays, with the vast growing technologies, there are many fascinating seismograph technologies to predict the earthquakes, but still, we can’t predict precisely when the earthquake will happen.
In conclusion, all of those losses lead to the big amount of money needed by government to recover the condition, even though the government must already have reserved fund for natural disaster, but this fund may be purposed wisely for another things such as the development of infrastructure. Although earthquakes are uncontrollable, the losses they cause can be reduced by many ways. One of them is to relocate the cities that located in high-risk earthquake areas.
Plants in Each County
Some plants are difference in every country that are caused by some factor such as rocks and nutrient of soil, water, sunlight, temperature, etc. The factors are different in each country.
Have several aspects of plant nutrition, which need to be considered for better growth of plants. The basic nutrients required for plant growth are divided into two main categories namely micronutrients and macronutrients. Micronutrients are the nutrients that are required in smaller quantities by the plants. There exist eight elements, which are termed as the micronutrients. The eight micronutrients include iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine. Macronutrients are the nutrients that are required by plants in larger quantities are termed. There are six elements in the soil that are termed as macronutrients these are nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur.
A majority of growing plants contains as much as 90 percent water. Water is one of the most essential factors required in growth of plants. Water plays a crucial role for efficient photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and transportation of minerals and other nutrients through the plant. Water is responsible for functioning of the stomatal opening of leaves and also the source of pressure for the directed growth of roots through the soil. The plants body type (leaf, root, stem, etc) very influence photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and transportation of minerals and other nutrients.
Temperature and sunlight is a crucial element that influences the growth of plants. Temperature of the surrounding atmosphere as well as the temperature of the soil matters for the plant growth. Optimum temperature is one of the pre-requisites for many of the plant processes, like photosynthesis, respiration, germination, and flowering. The temperature ranges for optimum photosynthesis and respiration vary with the species of plants and their individual requirements. Adequate sunlight is perhaps one of the most important factors influencing plant growth and it is he quantity, quality and duration of light exposure is what matters.
Plants can't grow in many countries, such as date palm which only can grow up at Saudi Arabia or apple tree in Indonesia . That the reason why Saudi Arabia become as a date importer. If a country import the special plants in another country, so that country can get big income by the selling.
Have several aspects of plant nutrition, which need to be considered for better growth of plants. The basic nutrients required for plant growth are divided into two main categories namely micronutrients and macronutrients. Micronutrients are the nutrients that are required in smaller quantities by the plants. There exist eight elements, which are termed as the micronutrients. The eight micronutrients include iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, and chlorine. Macronutrients are the nutrients that are required by plants in larger quantities are termed. There are six elements in the soil that are termed as macronutrients these are nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur.
A majority of growing plants contains as much as 90 percent water. Water is one of the most essential factors required in growth of plants. Water plays a crucial role for efficient photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and transportation of minerals and other nutrients through the plant. Water is responsible for functioning of the stomatal opening of leaves and also the source of pressure for the directed growth of roots through the soil. The plants body type (leaf, root, stem, etc) very influence photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and transportation of minerals and other nutrients.
Temperature and sunlight is a crucial element that influences the growth of plants. Temperature of the surrounding atmosphere as well as the temperature of the soil matters for the plant growth. Optimum temperature is one of the pre-requisites for many of the plant processes, like photosynthesis, respiration, germination, and flowering. The temperature ranges for optimum photosynthesis and respiration vary with the species of plants and their individual requirements. Adequate sunlight is perhaps one of the most important factors influencing plant growth and it is he quantity, quality and duration of light exposure is what matters.
Plants can't grow in many countries, such as date palm which only can grow up at Saudi Arabia or apple tree in Indonesia . That the reason why Saudi Arabia become as a date importer. If a country import the special plants in another country, so that country can get big income by the selling.
Why Plants can’t Grow Everywhere?
Plant is the most world-wide spread living organism. Almost 70% part of land on the earth is cover by plants. The use of plants has been recognized by people around the world, such as foods, clothes, and many variant of materials. Each region of world has much kind of plants and its special utility.
Plants is growing and developing during all the time, until it could not be again. A plant growing includes height and weight increases, protoplasm increases, respiration, and also photosynthesis. A plant developing is about cell differentiation, shows by anatomy and physiological specialization changes.
Environmental factor affected plant growth and its distribution. The environmental factors are light, temperature, and soil. If the environmental are good enough, the plants will grow well. But if the environmental less than ideal, it will inhibit grow and the distribution of the plant. For example, the hygrophyte that only live with high moisture of soil could not growth at dessert. The environmental factors limit some plants to growth and distribute between region and country.
The sun as the primary energy source on earth, it is controlling all living activity and productivity. The effects of light is depend on the wavelength, between 0,4 – 0,7 millimicron-metres and its intensity. The reaction from plant due to light such as photosynthesis, phototropism, and photoperiodic, based on photochemical reaction that working by the specific pigment system.
The temperature can affect productivity and activity of plants depends on the seasons. The role of temperature is controlling a physically and chemically process that will affect the biological reaction on the plant’s body. The chemical reaction velocity is depending on temperature and enzyme stabilization. The bad temperatures also cause stunted growth and poor quality products from plants.
Soil is supplying the water and nutrition for the plants. The soil conditions such as its organic matters, mineral, moisture, microbes, soil atmosphere, and soil water are very determine the growth, development, and productivity of plants. Without these components, the plants will have a stress condition, which is inhibits its productivity.
Gilang Kinasihan/ 10604052
Thursday, March 20, 2008
Reconstruct, instead of Relocate
(By: Erik Sentosa – 10203073)
Earthquake happens as a result of a sudden release of energy in earth’s crust. Most of the time it happens in the ocean, but it also happens on the land sometimes. As the number of large city in the world increases, the number of earthquake-impacted also does. However, relocation of a city is considerably imprudent since its elements, such as economic and cultural value of a city often more important than its own value as an asset. Subsequently, an earthquake resistant construction apparently a modest way out for this problem.
When a city arises, it grew its elements. Economy is one of them, and economic growth requires long preliminary economic processes beforehand. The economic harmony assembled after those processes find their optimum compositions. This harmony is an absolute prerequisite to create a more solid economic and financial state. So the economic harmony doesn’t come for itself, it requires overture phases. City relocation would causes an economic degradation, bringing the establishment far backward. Which robustly conceive that city relocation is unwise.
Another element a city owned, culture, is like a statement of its citizen that distinguishes them from another city’s. Culture is a product of varied customs, trends, and opinions that affects citizen creating a certain characteristic among them. City relocation would cause a cultural transformation that is doubtfully comfortable nor acceptable by preceding citizen, since geographical position is a factor to culture.
On the contrary, earthquake resistant construction, which provides special techniques and structures to survive in an earthquake, promises more effective and economic way to avoid the danger of earthquake without affecting any fundamental value of a commonwealth. It costs way more economical and unlikely affects cultural manifesto at large. So the idea about rebuilding the city in an earthquake-resistant form seems to be more decent than an idea about relocating it.
Earthquake happens as a result of a sudden release of energy in earth’s crust. Most of the time it happens in the ocean, but it also happens on the land sometimes. As the number of large city in the world increases, the number of earthquake-impacted also does. However, relocation of a city is considerably imprudent since its elements, such as economic and cultural value of a city often more important than its own value as an asset. Subsequently, an earthquake resistant construction apparently a modest way out for this problem.
When a city arises, it grew its elements. Economy is one of them, and economic growth requires long preliminary economic processes beforehand. The economic harmony assembled after those processes find their optimum compositions. This harmony is an absolute prerequisite to create a more solid economic and financial state. So the economic harmony doesn’t come for itself, it requires overture phases. City relocation would causes an economic degradation, bringing the establishment far backward. Which robustly conceive that city relocation is unwise.
Another element a city owned, culture, is like a statement of its citizen that distinguishes them from another city’s. Culture is a product of varied customs, trends, and opinions that affects citizen creating a certain characteristic among them. City relocation would cause a cultural transformation that is doubtfully comfortable nor acceptable by preceding citizen, since geographical position is a factor to culture.
On the contrary, earthquake resistant construction, which provides special techniques and structures to survive in an earthquake, promises more effective and economic way to avoid the danger of earthquake without affecting any fundamental value of a commonwealth. It costs way more economical and unlikely affects cultural manifesto at large. So the idea about rebuilding the city in an earthquake-resistant form seems to be more decent than an idea about relocating it.
FACTORS OF CERTAIN PLANTS GROWN COMERCIALLY IN SOME COUNTRIES.
FACTORS OF CERTAIN PLANTS GROWN COMERCIALLY IN SOME COUNTRIES.
There are many factors that influence certains plants grown commercially in some countries, but not in others place. Those are consists of the geographic of that country, the climate, the soil, the water, and many more. Geographic means that, some country locate on chatulistiwa line, so it may have tropical climate, but in other country locates near the pole of earth. The climate may influence certain plants that may grow. Usually certain plants may grow if only support by the certain temperature. Soil and water may effect the plants that may grow too.
In this paragraph, let’s learn from the case that is experienced by some countries. This species spends most of its life in fresh water, and it can be grown in brackish water, in salinities up to 8 ppt. A successful culture system was developed for Macrobrachium in Malaysia several years ago, and this has been adapted as a commercial operation in Indonesia, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, the Philippines and elsewhere. This animal does not occur in The Bahamas. Its culture would be difficult here because of the shortage of fresh or low salinity water. The potential for freshwater prawn culture is poor. For other example, Apple, which are very deciduous fruits commercially grown in the world today come from the family of plants Rosaceae. Usually, Apple may grow in the north temperate zone, such as Europe, Asia and North America. But now, Apple can be conducted which temperate is colder than Australia. The way is drop the leaves on the autumn, and then break the buds in the spring, when the weather become warmer than before, So that, we may taste the different of apple’s quality especially from Asia or USA. For other example, we may learn from Egypt. Egypt is a country with very lack of water, not only water but also the characteristic of the soil. Contain of the soil is not support to develop an agriculture area, because the soil is very dry. Only certain plants may grow in that place, such as cactus or date’s fruits. Those kinds of fruits may grow only require a little water, So that, Egypt is in very poor condition with that limited condition of plants and other natural resources. A number of countries commercially cultivate and export substantial quantities of medicinal plants. These countries include China, India, Thailand, South Korea, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Indonesia, Nepal, the Philippines, and Kenya. Eastern European countries cultivate medicinal plants as well, but mostly for their own consumption (Wijesekera, 1991). For example Indonesia and China, have certain plants that support in medical things. China have many plants, that called herbal, which can be used to heal the unhealthy people. There so many variety of herbal, depend on the disease. Indonesia have some too, Indonesia is located in “chatulistiwa” line, so that Indonesia is very rich country of natural resources and plants. Some factors that Indonesia had been colonized by others country is because Indonesia have many commercially plants that can be traded. The plants are very beneficial and rareness in some countries, such as plants called, “palawija”.
The last paragraph is solution to overcome the problem of certain plants grown commercially in each country. Biotechnology can be the one of the solution. Plant biotechnology is a process to produce a genetically modified plant by removing genetic information from an organism, manipulating it in the laboratory and then transferring it into a plant to change certain of its characteristics. The source of the genetic information can be any living organism. Biotechnology can be applied in many countries. For another example, in Egypt was built Egyptian Biodynamic Association (EBDA). This Biodynamic is very useful to develop agriculture area in Egypt. This biodynamic agriculture is a method of organic farming that treats farms as unified and individual organisms, emphasizing balancing the holistic development and interrelationship of the soil, plants, animals as a closed, self-nourishing system. Many more solution can be used, so that our plants may be owned in our beloved country.
Written by,
Putri Utami (10205049)
Wednesday, March 19, 2008
commertial plant
On international agricultural market, trading distribution of plant is not being spread evenly. A plant should be commercial in one country but no to other countries. It is because of some factors. To explain these factors, we take an example, cotton and coffee.
1. One of factors is the quality of its varieties.
In determining the value of cotton, workers class samples from each bale according to staple, grade, and character. Staple refers to fiber length. Short staple accounts for about 25 percent of the domestic crop and is used in many coarser textiles. Medium staple accounts for about 70 percent of U.S. cotton, and long staple and extra-long staple for about 5 percent.
Grade refers to color, brightness, and amount of foreign matter. Standards for grading U.S. cotton are established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and revised
The major types of commercial coffee are the arabicas and the robustas. In the western hemisphere the arabicas are subdivided into Brazils and milds. Robustas are produced in the eastern hemisphere exclusively, together with substantial quantities of arabicas. The Brazils consist principally of Santos, Paraná, and Rio, named for the ports from which they are shipped. Milds are identified by the names of countries or districts in which they are grown, such as Medellín, Armenia, and Manizales coffees from Colombia. Robustas and other arabicas are similarly identified. Green coffee is a major import of the United States; about two-thirds of the 1.2 million metric tons comes from Central and South America, with Brazil and Colombia the two largest suppliers.
2. Economics condition
Surplus stocks of cotton on hand in the United States fluctuated widely during the 1970s. The world economic recession of 1973-74 ushered in a period during which both production and consumption of cotton dropped. Production, however, fell faster than consumption, and by the mid-1970s the U.S. surplus had been reduced to the lowest level in 50 years in order to compensate. Toward the end of the decade, rising prices caused by the shortages had stimulated increased production, but at the same time these higher prices made domestic cotton more vulnerable to competition from artificial fibers and imported cotton goods. World demand for cotton continued to be erratic, and some groups lobbied for increased price-supports, but an upward trend began in the 1980s.
3. Its position on world’s demand industry
Cotton is still a principal raw material for the world's textile industry, but its dominant position has been seriously eroded by synthetic fibers. In the United States, cotton accounts today for about 35 percent of the materials processed in textile mills, as against 80 percent before World War II. Net per capita consumption of cotton fibers in the United States, after declining by more than one-third between 1950 and 1970, increased during the 1980s and by the early 1990s was about 12 kg (about 27 lb) per year.
World production of cotton in the early 1990s stood at 18.9 million metric tons annually. In the 1930s, the United States produced more than half the world's cotton; by the early 1990s it was turning out about a sixth. The other leading producers included China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Turkey.
1. One of factors is the quality of its varieties.
In determining the value of cotton, workers class samples from each bale according to staple, grade, and character. Staple refers to fiber length. Short staple accounts for about 25 percent of the domestic crop and is used in many coarser textiles. Medium staple accounts for about 70 percent of U.S. cotton, and long staple and extra-long staple for about 5 percent.
Grade refers to color, brightness, and amount of foreign matter. Standards for grading U.S. cotton are established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and revised
The major types of commercial coffee are the arabicas and the robustas. In the western hemisphere the arabicas are subdivided into Brazils and milds. Robustas are produced in the eastern hemisphere exclusively, together with substantial quantities of arabicas. The Brazils consist principally of Santos, Paraná, and Rio, named for the ports from which they are shipped. Milds are identified by the names of countries or districts in which they are grown, such as Medellín, Armenia, and Manizales coffees from Colombia. Robustas and other arabicas are similarly identified. Green coffee is a major import of the United States; about two-thirds of the 1.2 million metric tons comes from Central and South America, with Brazil and Colombia the two largest suppliers.
2. Economics condition
Surplus stocks of cotton on hand in the United States fluctuated widely during the 1970s. The world economic recession of 1973-74 ushered in a period during which both production and consumption of cotton dropped. Production, however, fell faster than consumption, and by the mid-1970s the U.S. surplus had been reduced to the lowest level in 50 years in order to compensate. Toward the end of the decade, rising prices caused by the shortages had stimulated increased production, but at the same time these higher prices made domestic cotton more vulnerable to competition from artificial fibers and imported cotton goods. World demand for cotton continued to be erratic, and some groups lobbied for increased price-supports, but an upward trend began in the 1980s.
3. Its position on world’s demand industry
Cotton is still a principal raw material for the world's textile industry, but its dominant position has been seriously eroded by synthetic fibers. In the United States, cotton accounts today for about 35 percent of the materials processed in textile mills, as against 80 percent before World War II. Net per capita consumption of cotton fibers in the United States, after declining by more than one-third between 1950 and 1970, increased during the 1980s and by the early 1990s was about 12 kg (about 27 lb) per year.
World production of cotton in the early 1990s stood at 18.9 million metric tons annually. In the 1930s, the United States produced more than half the world's cotton; by the early 1990s it was turning out about a sixth. The other leading producers included China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Turkey.
Heart Disease in Western Society
Heart disease is perhaps the nation's most prevalent killer of men and women and it may be one of the most easily preventable diseases of the modern civilization in the 40 to 70 age group.Some heart disease risk factors you can control and some you cannot. Coronary artery disease causes roughly 1.2 million heart attacks each year, and more than forty percent of those suffering from a heart attack will die. Even more worrisome, 335,000 people with heart attacks will die in an emergency department or before ever reaching the hospital. According to the American Heart Association, over 7 million Americans have suffered a heart attack in their lifetime.
Anger and stress contibute to coronary heart disease.The analysis of 2,334 men and women aged 45-64 years also found that long-term stress is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease in both men and women.Specifically, researchers found that men with high trait anger scores had 1.7 times greater odds for developing hypertension than those with low or moderate scores, and high trait anger scores were associated with a 90 percent increase in the risk of progression to coronary heart disease in prehypertensive men.Moreover, both men and women with high levels of long-term psychological stress had 1.68 times greater odds for developing coronary heart disease than those with low or moderate stress.
There are other several risk factors for heart disease, some are controllable others are not. Uncontrollable risk factors include male sex, older age, family history of heart disease, postmenopausal and race (African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican Americans are more likely to have heart disease than Caucasians).Still, there are many risk factors that can be controlled. By making changes in your lifestyle, you can actually reduce your risk for heart disease. Controllable risk factors include smoking, high LDL, or "bad" cholesterol and low HDL, or "good" cholesterol, uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure), physical inactivity, obesity (more than 20% over one's ideal body weight), uncontrolled diabetes and high C-reactive protein.
The authors suggest that treatment of anger and psychological stress may have a beneficial effect on slowing progression coronary heart disease. Different stress management techniques such as meditation, anger management, and even being among friends are great ways to help in the cure for heart disease. Many studies indicate that joining a support group and having the encouragement of family and friends is a fantastic way to help beat this disease.
Indra Andriana 10205034
Anger and stress contibute to coronary heart disease.The analysis of 2,334 men and women aged 45-64 years also found that long-term stress is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease in both men and women.Specifically, researchers found that men with high trait anger scores had 1.7 times greater odds for developing hypertension than those with low or moderate scores, and high trait anger scores were associated with a 90 percent increase in the risk of progression to coronary heart disease in prehypertensive men.Moreover, both men and women with high levels of long-term psychological stress had 1.68 times greater odds for developing coronary heart disease than those with low or moderate stress.
There are other several risk factors for heart disease, some are controllable others are not. Uncontrollable risk factors include male sex, older age, family history of heart disease, postmenopausal and race (African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican Americans are more likely to have heart disease than Caucasians).Still, there are many risk factors that can be controlled. By making changes in your lifestyle, you can actually reduce your risk for heart disease. Controllable risk factors include smoking, high LDL, or "bad" cholesterol and low HDL, or "good" cholesterol, uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure), physical inactivity, obesity (more than 20% over one's ideal body weight), uncontrolled diabetes and high C-reactive protein.
The authors suggest that treatment of anger and psychological stress may have a beneficial effect on slowing progression coronary heart disease. Different stress management techniques such as meditation, anger management, and even being among friends are great ways to help in the cure for heart disease. Many studies indicate that joining a support group and having the encouragement of family and friends is a fantastic way to help beat this disease.
Indra Andriana 10205034
Tuesday, March 18, 2008
Physical Research is not useful if without purpose
The finest research and must be able to implement is research which belong to have a purpose that can fulfill human necessity starting with product, in spite of something that can increase human overview specifically for sciences.
If we take several sample, example physical research in Quantum Physics that has difficulty level in fact be able express LASER technology that can be used in steel industries and beneficial as data storage at CD/DVD, microprocessor, handphone, computer. On other area, physical research in Nuclear Physics can produce beneficial application for human like X-RAY, literally thousands of X-RAY machines are used daily in medicine and industry for examinations, inspections, and process control.
Physical research in Theoretical Physics can describe how the universe begin and what happens after that. In this area we can get a comprehension and the truth. Cosmology can make convincing that the universe is created from nothingness.
Based on my opinion, a purpose in all theoretical scientific research is a must. If it have not, maybe it just wasting time and fund because we get a something meaningless that has no practical application or does not make sense.
_Sabilly Handi Pradana (10205055)_
If we take several sample, example physical research in Quantum Physics that has difficulty level in fact be able express LASER technology that can be used in steel industries and beneficial as data storage at CD/DVD, microprocessor, handphone, computer. On other area, physical research in Nuclear Physics can produce beneficial application for human like X-RAY, literally thousands of X-RAY machines are used daily in medicine and industry for examinations, inspections, and process control.
Physical research in Theoretical Physics can describe how the universe begin and what happens after that. In this area we can get a comprehension and the truth. Cosmology can make convincing that the universe is created from nothingness.
Based on my opinion, a purpose in all theoretical scientific research is a must. If it have not, maybe it just wasting time and fund because we get a something meaningless that has no practical application or does not make sense.
_Sabilly Handi Pradana (10205055)_
Physical Research is not useful if without purpose
The finest research and must be able to implement is research which belong to have a purpose that can fulfill human necessity starting with product, in spite of something that can increase human overview specifically for sciences.
If we take several sample, example physical research in Quantum Physics that has difficulty level in fact be able express LASER technology that can be used in steel industries and beneficial as data storage at CD/DVD, microprocessor, handphone, computer. On other area, physical research in Nuclear Physics can produce beneficial application for human like X-RAY, literally thousands of X-RAY machines are used daily in medicine and industry for examinations, inspections, and process control.
Physical research in Theoretical Physics can describe how the universe begin and what happens after that. In this area we can get a comprehension and the truth. Cosmology can make convincing that the universe is created from nothingness.
Based on my opinion, a purpose in all theoretical scientific research is a must. If it have not, maybe it just wasting time and fund because we get a something meaningless that has no practical application or does not make sense.
_Sabilly Handi Pradana (10205055)_
If we take several sample, example physical research in Quantum Physics that has difficulty level in fact be able express LASER technology that can be used in steel industries and beneficial as data storage at CD/DVD, microprocessor, handphone, computer. On other area, physical research in Nuclear Physics can produce beneficial application for human like X-RAY, literally thousands of X-RAY machines are used daily in medicine and industry for examinations, inspections, and process control.
Physical research in Theoretical Physics can describe how the universe begin and what happens after that. In this area we can get a comprehension and the truth. Cosmology can make convincing that the universe is created from nothingness.
Based on my opinion, a purpose in all theoretical scientific research is a must. If it have not, maybe it just wasting time and fund because we get a something meaningless that has no practical application or does not make sense.
_Sabilly Handi Pradana (10205055)_
The Benefit of Theoritical Science Experiment
The intellectual community’s views on scientific process and the general handling of issues of truth, which effect many social institutions including justice, generally suffer from incompleteness, focusing on particular aspects of scientific process but failing to take all the aspects of science and truth together to develop a complete and unified picture. Not only is it necessary to understand the nature of truth and the processes of induction, deduction and hypothesis, but it is also necessary to understand there relation to observations, generalizations and explanations, and to understand the effects of probability of truth, to understand beliefs, leads, and open-mindedness. When all these aspects are taken together they produce an image of scientific/intellectual process that is quite sophisticated, that fits well with the methods of successful scientists and with the acceptance or rejection, often falsely, of knowledge by society.
The Sciences development began in early 1915 when Quantum era found by Einstein. From all of these inventions by the scientists, electronics device began emerge, such as : Television, MP3, Handphone, Internet, etc. These are the based people on to continually think about stuffs that can ease their daily activities. Nowadays, many industries that prefer to accept science research which can give advantages of social community. People just want to think instantly and how their activities done easily and quickly. People rely on trust to make science practical. It is this reliance on trust that is the reason most experiments are never repeated. So, It is not wrong that theoritical scientific research is only worthwhile if it has practical applications for industry and for society as a whole, because it is more commercial and can develop economic country aspects.
On the other hand, there are still few of scientist that have idealism to keep the “sacred of science”. Many experiments require great talent, skill, time, and patience to carry out. The issues above, believed be many intellectuals that an experiment is scientific only if it is repeatable, but of course, in fact, few experiments that are considered to be scientific are ever repeated. However, true scientists know that that the experiment worked once is enough to make the statement the experiment was based on a lead. The only thing that matters is whether those serious researchers trust the experimenter’s truthfulness and ability enough to conclude that the researcher actually did see something.
Sunday, March 16, 2008
Thanks
Dear All,
Thanks for posting your work. I will send my comment to your email on Monday the 17th of March 2008. Please check your email.
Jati
Thanks for posting your work. I will send my comment to your email on Monday the 17th of March 2008. Please check your email.
Jati
Friday, March 14, 2008
Several Factors of Heart Disease in Western Life
Heart is the vital organ in human body. People life normally by good heart work. People lifestyle is truly affecting their heart work. Healthy lifestyle would optimize their heart in working in order to support their daily life. Unhealthy lifestyle would give badness to their heart. Heart disease in entire world is big effect of unhealthy lifestyle.
In western society, heart disease cases have a great number in their daily life. By the information of Fox News, that heart attack killing one person every 34 seconds in
Several classical factors that most affective in heart disease are: usually smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Consumption things are the most factors that affect in heart disease. Smoking can cause accumulation of plaque within the walls of arteries that stop the blood from its flow. High cholesterol and diabetes caused by high cholesterol and sugar food. High blood pressure caused by bad habits in daily life.
Ihwanulhasan B Adi
10205057
Why Research Should be Applied
Research is a kind of activities which cannot be separated from human life. It has affected people in many ways so we can live better. Nowadays, scientist do research in many fields. Some of their results can be applied directly, but the others need further study in order to be integrated with the older one. However, there are also fields that the output doesn’t concern with the application. This research is usually related to some basic and fundamental science. It is not something wrong to do theoretical research, but I believe that theoretical scientific research, at the end, should have useful application for society in order to make it worthwhile.
Application of what theoretical scientist has done is very important because of some reasons. First, Useful research output is a good form of responsibility to the people who have funded the research. As an example, the industry which fund a research usually will want to have benefits from the research they fund. In that case, the research output should be able to be applied in the industry. There are also some scientist who are funded by the government in doing research. However, they are also responsible to have their research delivered some advantages to society. This is because the money come from the government basically come from people in the country.
The application of research output becomes more important in case of developing country like Indonesia. In this kind of country, every research activities, is it applied or theoretical, should be directed to have application in daily life. It is expected that research which can be applied in life will stimulate the commercialisation of research output. At the end, this can lead to national economy and industry improvement as happened in developed country.
Other important reason is concerning to our belief about good deeds from God Allah SWT. In this case, when scientist has made an invention from his research which is useful for many people, he will be rewarded from God Allah SWT with no limit of good deeds as long as people get advantages from his work. That is why scientist, especially theoretical scientist, should strive to make their research become useful to people.
Besides of many reasons , however, there are still some scientist who do not care at all with the application of their research. This people usually do research just because they are curious with that.
In conclusion, although the default of theoretical research is basic and fundamental science but they should do their best to make the research output to have application in life.
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