Ecology Analysis of Saguling's Reservoir

Abstract

Saguling’s Reservoir, like Citarum’s River, have benefits to societies. Act of determining for ecology standard in Saguling’s Reservoir can be an input to societies in case utilizing the water and effort to conservation that reservoir. This research is using phsyic and chemistry methods in order to determine the ecology standard. Quality of water influenced by factor od physical chemistry, like temperature, conductivity, pH, CO2, BOD, DO, the organic contents of water and substrate, TSS and water organisms, like bentos and plankton. Saguling’s Reservoir have temperature tolerance 31.893750C, conductivity 925.13125, pH 7.88475, CO2 13.326375 mg/L, DO 2.458325 mg/L, BOD 3.32225 mg/L, substrate content 0.0107 g/L, TSS 0.17475 g/L, dan H’ bentos 1.671216. Ecology standard of water in Saguling’s Reservoir for whole of station is hard filthy.

Keywords : Saguling’s Reservoir, Citarum’s River; Ecology Standard
Very good

Abstract

Mobile Robot Development with Teleprocessing

Unmanned vehicle, in mobile robot manifestation, is widely used in monitoring and exploration purpose. Also robotics is widely developed field that grow in computer science trend so that it needs high level data processing (many data and fast processing). Generally microcontroller has not enough memory and MIPS (million instructions per second) to perform high level data processing, but a computer is so weight to be embedded into small robot. Therefore, tele-processing robot has been developed in this research; robot only process motoric motion while data processing is done in separated computer.

Developed robot system consist of (i) host computer with interface hardware and software to the RF transmitter, and (ii) the robot, it consist of body that capable to crossing the rough surface, RF receiver, DC motor controller, power supply, and transmitter wireless camera.

Testing had been done to obtain information about robot’s performance and to test tele-processing ability. Robot can be controlled up to 50 m in open space, able to ascend diagonal plane up to 20° in elevation and stair-case up to 3 cm in height. Program base on image processing for black line follower robot and red ball follower robot had been made to test the tele-processing ability. Robot follows black line and red ball successfully with other four colored balls in background.

Keywords : mobile robot, telemetry, image processing.

By : Ihwanulhasan B Adi
10205057

Space explorations

Earth is the planet that can be occupied by human life. Outside of the earth is an empty space that consist a lot of space things such as stars, asteroid, moon, planet, etc. Also we can get a lot of knowledge by studying the space. In order to explore the space and using it for human needs, people must improve their knowledge about the universe and do some research in astronomical science about. Space exploration can give us knowledge and benefit because people can study various things such as: the beginning of universe, galaxies shapes, weather prediction, etc.

Astronomy is important for the earth and also all of organisms stay inside. That science can calculate space things movement and dynamics, can also define position that things to time. Space object like asteroid or meteor, sometimes can give us threat, because those objects often leave their orbit and than hitting the earth. It can be natural disaster in few regions of worlds but give large affect to human life.

Satellite is one of result and also tools by space explorations. Several devices has been located in above the ground, flying in gravitationless altitude. Satellite is useful for various astronomical needs, because study and research about space and also exploring the space is using astronomy. Beside that purpose, satellite development is important in weather monitoring and also earth mapping. Although consume large cost in develop one satellite and than launching it.

Satellite existence for the owner give many benefit such as : foreign object monitoring and interpolating, weather prediction, proving some universe theory, etc. The science and technology development in one country is indicate by its level in exploring the space. Sometimes space exploration product give more advantages than its building cost.

Abstract

Enriching Uranium Using Gasseous Diffusion Method

Gasseus Diffusion is a method to enrich percent composition of 235-U from 0,71% in natural uranium to be 3 – 5%. In this method, gaseous uranium hexafluoride is forced through semi-permeable membranes. This produces a slight separation between the molecules containing uranium-235 and uranium-238. By use of a large cascade of many stages, high separations can be achieved. It was the first economic enrichment process to be successfully developed.This process is based on the principle that in a closed box, all molecules have the same energy; therefore the lighter molecules, on average, travel faster than the heavier molecules. As a result, the lighter molecules strike the walls of a container more frequently than their heavier counterparts. If a portion of the container consists of a small hole large enough to permit the passage of individual gas molecules, but not so large that a mass flow-through of the gas can occur, then more light molecules than heavy molecules will pass out of the container, since rate of effusion (diffusion to outside the box) is proportional to the inverse square of the mass. The gas leaving the container is somewhat enriched in the lighter molecules, while the residual gas is somewhat depleted.

Task 6 : Parents' Expectations about Child Rearing after Divorce: Does Anticipating Difficulty Deter Divorce?

ABSTRACT:

Divorce is costly for parents because of the challenges of meeting children’s economic and socio-emotional needs after separation. Using the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,935), we investigate whether expected economic and parenting costs deter divorce. Mothers expect higher economic costs than fathers, whereas fathers expect more parenting difficulties. The majority of mothers and fathers, however, expect high economic and parenting costs. In a large minority of families mothers and fathers differ in their expected costs. Furthermore, only parenting costs deter divorce, not economic costs, and mothers’ parenting concerns are a greater barrier to divorce than fathers’ concerns when parents disagree. Finally, expected parenting costs are more of a barrier to divorce for unhappy than happy couples.

Task 5

Heart Disease

Heart disease is a hypernym for many kind of different types diseases that affect the heart. Some types of common heart disease are coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, stroke, and congenital heart disease. (anonym1,2008). But generally people just know the stroke as heart disease.

Heart disease is a disease that causing death for both men and women all over the world. The risk factor that contribute to this disease is unhealthy lifestyle, like workaholic, smoking both active or passive, consuming high cholesterol food, drinking alcohol, stress, less of exercise

Now a days, heart disease is the leading cause of death in western society. Like we can see in America, American heart association estimated that 80,700,000 American adults which means one in three have one or more types of cardiovascular disease, 16,000,000 (about 8,700,000 men and 7,300,000 women) Among adults age 20 and older, get the coronary heart disease, and 5,800,000 (about 2,300,000 males and 3,400,000 females) among adults age 20 and older, are stroke. (anonym2, 2008). These all happened because the lifestyle of the western society is supporting the risk factor of heart disease.

Anonym1, 2008, Heart Disease.in Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease
Anonym2, 2008, Statistics. in Web: http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1198257493273HS_Stats%202008.pdf

Task: Abstract

Identify Fruit Fly on Hot Pepper

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) especially Bactrocera spp. was a serious insect pest for many fruits and vegetables in Indonesia. Yield losses due to this pest was about 70 percent. The objective of this research was to identify of Bactrocera spp. species from hot pepper. This experiment was conducted at Lembang, West Java and continued in the laboratory. Randomized Completely Block Design in Factorial was used in this experiment. Manual identification key Cabikey (White and Hancock 1997) used to identify the sample.

Keywords: fruit fly, pest, species identification, hot pepper, Bactrocera

Mutia Ardelia (10604054)

abstract

Bacteria Antiseptic and desinfectant effectivities test

Most of microorganism which patogen has capability to infect and destroy its cell host, one of those is bacteria. Biochemical agent like antiseptic and desinfectant is use for prevent bacteria development. Today there’s many kind of biochemical agent which used in our necessity, so its necessary to know the effectivities of many biochemical agent like dettol, betadine, listerin (antiseptic) and bayclin,domestos (desinfectant) to prevent the bacteria development like E. coli, S.aureus, B.cereus, dan P.aeruginosa. Antiseptic and desinfectant effectivities test is using the Kirby-bauer method which often called Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing.

Abstract

Indonesia sits atop one of the best geothermal heat sources on the earth. Almost 50% geothermal sources placed in Indonesia. Geothermal energy could converted into electrical energy and it can provide 27.000 MW electricity if the sources all used. But, geothermal development has been minimal caused of so many problem to build geothermal power plants. Here, we will talk about the potential of geothermal and the problem to make the power plants include internal and external problem.

task 5

NOS

NOS (Nitrogen Oxide System) is a mechanism to mix N2O with fuel in combustion chamber (http://paultan.org). NOS can provide more oxygen for yields more power.

NOS become like a fever in Indonesia after “The Fast and The Furious” released in Indonesian cinemas. NOS become trend because it can provide much power instantly. But, NOS have a weakness too. NOS can be used only for several seconds or minutes depend on the quality and specification, and also the price is still expensive.

However, if people want to install NOS, they must be considered well. Because this will be like a useless if it installed in car when used only for daily activity. NOS is useful for race car to raise its performance.

Reference:
- www.lextreme.com/turbo.html
- www.akamoto.co.uk/resource-how-nitrous-oxide-works.htm
- http://paultan.org/archives/2006/02/23/how-does-nitrous-oxide-work

Fruit Fly Pest Integrated Management

Fruit Fly Pest Integrated Management

ABSTRACT

Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most serious pests in the world. The fruit flies of the family Tephritidae constitute a group of agricultural pests of worldwide importance, as they attack a wide range of fruits and vegetables. It causes more over 30% crops damage, because the crops become rotten and dried off rapidly.

It has four main life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago (adult flies). The most important for spread of fruit fly is imago (adult stage) and larva (maggot stage). Adult female injects the eggs beneath the fruit skins, when the eggs become larva it will eat entire vegetable or fruit. The life cycle becomes the basic information to determine the pest integrated management for fruit fly.

Nowadays, the biological control for fruit fly research still expand. The main purpose is for finding the most effective and safety for environment and human being. The methods are sterile adult male technique, methyl eugenol male attractant, natural enemies (parasite/ parasitoid), trap with bait in a sugar-hydrolyzed protein form.

Keyword: Fruit Fly, Life stage, biological control, methyl eugenol, parasite, parasitoid, trap.

GILANG KINASIHAN 10604052

Change of Aggression Toward Human in Cervus timorensis

ABSTRACT

The change of aggression toward human in deer / Rusa Timor (Cervus timorensis) have been studied in the Nature Reserve and Nature Recreation Park (Taman Wisata Alam) of Pananjung Pangandaran with that in Nature Reserve of Ujung Kulon, as comparison. These locations were selected due to the difference of interaction between Rusa Timor and human in each area.

The study began by observing the aggressive behavior of Rusa Timor using the scan sampling method. Focal sampling, and continuous recording sampling (focal animals-akk occurrences sampling) to determine the time and location of study. The observation was followed by the quotation of the aggression sequences and intensity. To compare the behavior , an observation about minimum-accepted distance of Rusa Timor in Nature Reserve Pananjung and Ranca Upas was carried out. The data analysis was performed in descriptive statistic and modeling.

The result showed that the aggressive behavior was performed by dominant male. Many deer species group into families around the female, with the male often becoming solitary. In Pananjung, Rusa Timor began aggressive with the alteration of feeding behavior. They come close to human, for requiring the feeding. They began eating the food of human, in the fact we know they are herbivories. They ate human’s food from the garbage. It would be found in morning day.

In contrast with Rusa Timor living in Ujung Kulon which has a minimum distance toward human, those who live in Nature Reserve and Nature Recreation Park of Pananjung has lost this distance, which means that there is a stimulus that causes the lost of fearness toward human. The stimulus is the feeding by human, which only occur in Nature Recreation. The changes of Rusa Timor’s behavior is also influenced by the supply of feed. The changes of nature forest began nature recreation also influenced Rusa Timor’s behavior. The opportunity of human to give food directly, make the opportunity of the feeding behavior’s alteration.

Cervus timorensis in Nature Reserve and Nature Recreation of Pananjung Pangandaran have experienced behavioral changes in aggression toward human caused by territority and disturbance from human. The particular stimulus which elicited aggression in the discharge of feeding by human. Therefore, we can conclude that there has been changes from intra-spesies aggression into inter-aggression.

KEYWORD: Cervus timorensis, Aggressive behavior, Pananjung Pangandaran

By: Rizky Ayu Maulani Yusuf (10604098)

Abstract

My thesis topic:

Biner Vector Optimation Transfer of ACC oxidase (ACO) Silencing Gene to The Plant Tissue Pisang Ambon (Musa acuminata sp. AAA) by Agrobacterium Transformation Method.

Abstract

An Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation system was developed for the production of transgenic plant [Musa acuminata sp. AAA]. Callus were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV 3850 with the binary vector pbinSRNACatN, having the kanamycin resistance gene as a selection marker. The kanamycin resistant callus were regenerated 4 to 5 weeks after co-cultivation of explants with Agrobacterium. The step selection procedure allowed the regeneration of callus which were uniformly transformed. The integration of the CaMV gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This process does incorporate steps using in vitro cell cultures or uses micropropagation, which has the important advantage that it allows regeneration of homogeneous populations of plants in a short period of time. This study shows the enormous potential for genetic manipulation of Musa species for inhibiting senescence by limiting ethylene production using RNA interference method.

By :Evah Luviah (10604101)

Frequency of Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) and Malaria Resistance in Sentani, West Papua

Malaria has been an important natural selection in human population that maintained red blood cell variants in which protect them against malaria. Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) is one of the red blood cell variants suggested to be a host response to protect against malaria which is common found in Southeast Asia. This erythrocyte variant is caused by a 27-bp deletion of the AE1 gene erythrocyte membrane on chromosome 17 which encode Band 3 protein. However, the mechanism of SAO to protect individual against malaria is remain unclear. In an attempt to provide evidence for the possible role of the SAO trait, the malaria susceptibilities of normal and SAO individual were compared. Observing red cell oval morphology under microscope is still the only accepted basis for diagnosis of SAO. However, errors when detecting and counting morphological SAO are inevitable. Therefore, confirming the result of the morphologically observation by more accurate method such screening SAO of the 27-bp deletion of band 3 gene by PCR method were conducted. Blood sample were collected from Sentani, West Papua. Thin and thick blood smears were stained with Giemsa and examined under binocular light microscope. DNA was isolated from blood blots on filter paper and then used for molecular analysis of the 27-bp deletion of erythrocyte band 3. Result of the survey revealed false positive (14.28%) and false negative (3,93%) while base on morphology diagnosis were compared to molecular method. SAO frequency 7,6% (79/1041) and malaria infection prevalence 16,7% (174/1041) respectively. In total sample, malaria parasite rate is higher in SAO individual (20,3% [16/79]) than in those normal individual (16,4% [158/1041). These results suggested that SAO did not confer resistance to malaria parasite invasion. It might suggest that SAO confer selective advantage at the next stage after parasite invasion, such as bad growth of malaria parasite in ovalocytes and cytoadherence interfere result in prevent cerebral malaria.

Keyword: Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO); Malaria; Band 3 Protein; Papua; Austronesian

Abstract:

By: Erik Sentosa (10203073)

The project was intended to create a home automation that able to be controlled remotely by a cell phone. The automation process requires a PC and a microcontroller. The data processed in the system transferred in serial sequences both wired and wirelessly. All softwares were done in Java and Assembly Programming Language. Microcontroller applied to help the interfacing process between sensors and motors with personal computer, while cell phone connected to receive remotely sent data. Working with hardware tends to be more troublesome than working with software.

Vibration Sensor

Abstract
This sensor was plan to detect vibration with very small displacement.
By using a laser ray that has a nanometer wavelength,
we hoped that this sensor can detect a vibration with high sensitivity.
According to wave theory that was found by Young from his experiment,
"wave can create a bright and dark pattern that cause by interference effect"
With this pattern, we will detect a changing voltage when the ray detector through that area.


Keywords: LASER, phototransistor, interference, vibration

MEASUREMENT DEPTH OF WATER USING ECHO SOUNDER WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

Abstract
Some areas in Indonesia are very gristle of floods. A solution to solve that problem is to make a device that able to measure the depth of water on some areas. The devices that can be used is Echo Sounder. The work principle of it is using ultrasonic waves, thus the waves will be sent from transmitter and then it will bump a barrier then be reflected to the receiver. The time of starting from transmitter until bump a barrier is half of time (1/2 s). The pulse of time from the receiver will be continued to the Microcontroller AT89S52 which is an Integrated Circuit that has 4 kilo byte of FLASH PEROM. The output of the measurement will be shown to the LCD display. The quantity methods that will be used is generate the pulse of Ultrasonic signal by the timer 555 and then send to transceiver. To put a result on a LCD, C programmed will submitted to the Microcontroller by downloader. The data will collect to check off the accurate of that Echo Sounder. So that the conclusion is Echo Sounder is very benefit to measure the depth of water.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

ABSTRACT

Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI is a painless, non-invasive procedure that is often used to diagnose symptoms that can not be fully understood through laboratory tests. MRI scan can provide the doctor with the important information about the internal organs, joins, spain and brain that are otherwise difficult to examine. MRI is a medical imaging scanner that arranges the nuclei of hydrogen atoms using a powerful magnetic scanner. A pulse of a radio wave will interact with this alligment and get some pattern that are then analyzed by a computer. Procedures of MRI are the important things that you must learn before you going through to take these procedures, including personal medical check up and emotional check up. At once MRI is complete, your trained radiologist will examine your condition from the computer image and report the result to your doctor. Because brain tissues is difficult to examine, MRI commonly used to diagnose the central nervous system including tomours, stroke, alzheimer disease and degenerative diseases.

Abstrac

Nuclear Power Plant The Best Solution to Contend Global Warming

Nowdays, world have a problem about global warming. One of causes of global warming is electrical power plant which use coal, oil, and gas as a fuel. This paper describes how nuclear power plant as electrical power plant can reduce greenhouse gas emission. In others than, this paper also describes about energy out put from nuclear power plant that is higher than all of electrical power plant.

Abstract

Measurement Flatness and Symmetry Beam of Foton Radiation for Knowing Worthiness The Medical Linear Accelerator for Cancer Treatment

The successful of cancer therapy in radiotherapy is determined such as by uniformity of dose distribution in a radiation field. It is shown on flatness and symmetry parameters. Flatness and symmetry measurements of medical linear accelerator should be done periodically, since the problem with medical linear accelerators is their lack of stability with time. Measurement was done by using Rainbow dioda dosimeter. Flatness and symmetry result from Rainbow dosimeter is not more than 3%. That means the medical linear accelerator is acceptable for patient treatment.
Name : Aditia Zulfikar (10205041)

Thin Film Deposition Using The Opposed Sputtering System

Abstract
To make thin film we use sputtering system. A simple sputtering system consist of a vacuum chamber with a target and a subtrate. A conventional diode sputtering system has numerous limitations. Therefore, the ionization efficiencies are low and self discharge cannot be maintained below a certain pressure. In view of these limitations, magnetron sputtering system have been developed. Such arranged magnetic field can confine the electron motion to the vicinity of the cathode and thereby increase the ionization efficiency. To make a very high sputtering rate that make more ionization efficiency, the OTS method was designed. We'll see how OTS can make more efficient.

(Indra Andriana 10205034 , kelas jumat siang)

The Amphibians of Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park, West-Central Kalimantan (abstract)

Bukit-Baka - Bukit Raya National Park in West-Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, is an area which has high diversity, including amphibians. Unfortunately, only a little information about amphibians has been recorded from there (Iskandar, 2004). The Amphibians of Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park were investigated for a one month period in July – August 2007. Surveying was conducted in ten locations that are grouped into two areas: forest trail and streams. A number of amphibian species were directly observed during this time using visual encounter survey, line transect and hand collecting methods. In order to obtain sufficient data, we performed quantitative analysis using quadrates (30 m X width of river). Each quadrate was assessed for three constitutive nights when possible. Following that work, a total of 1105 individual from 43 species belonging to the family of Ranidae, Bufonidae, Microhylidae, Rhacophoridae, Dicroglosidae, and Megophryidae were collected. The family of Ranidae (relative abundance = 56.47%) dominated the area with Odorrana hosii being the most abundant (197 individuals). This result actually did not really describe the diversity of amphibians in Bukit-Baka - Bukit Raya National Park since the number of species captured everyday was still increasing.

References:

Iskandar, D.T. (2004). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Malinau Region. Center For International Forestry Research.

abstract

This paper focuses about difficulties that experienced by Indonesian students who was going overseas for university study and solutions that should they done to solved it. Methods that used in this paper is study literature, by searched various literature that according to this problem and some statistical data about condition of Indonesian students in overseas.

(result, interpretation , and conclusion belum.....)

riddar kurnia (10205029)

economical analysis: solar cells and bio-ethanol

Energy has an important role for the economy of the society. This paper describes how the renewable energy affects the economy. This development has been seen in German and Japan, whereas people use solar cells for electricity and in United States whereas people use their lands for corn harvesting. Every kind of renewable energy has its own characteristic. Therefore it is important to study how the efficiency of renewable energy affects the economy and how to gain its maximum efficiency. Solar cells are mostly made of silicon, and the fabrication of photovoltaic cells is not cheap, while bio-ethanol needs a massive area for harvesting. People will begin to use solar cells only if the cost is in the range of people buying power. The price of the corn will be decreasing if they are over-populated such as what has happened in United States. Energy cannot be produced; it can only be converted into another kind of energy. Photovoltaic cells are the basis of a solar cells, which made by certain semiconductor material such as silicon and gallium arsenide. Each material has its own characteristic. While bio-ethanol can be produced from corn, but in some countries corn is part from their food supplies. Therefore, the lands for harvesting corn have to be divided.

Thesis topic

water analyses by using bacteria Eschereria coli

abstract

by Arifa E -10604094

Microalgae used as material for dry woof of fish. Several species like spirulina, chlorella and scendemus contents essential amino acid at portion that fish need. In this research, microalgae in waste water sample at facultative ponds in waste water preparation will be identified to know the dominant species. After that, dry woof fish producing with drying the microalgae with simple solar dryer. Proximate analysis will be done to get nutrient content in dry woof. Then, dry woof given to fish, cyprinus caprio as an animal testing to know the effectivity comparised with commercial dry woof.

Thesis topic

water analyses by using Eshcereria coli bacteria

Task 5

by Arifa E -10604094

Plants as carbon consumer is everywhere

Plants are autotrophs in that they make their own food and thus sustain themselves without eating other organisms or even molecules. Plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria all use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water (Campbell et al, 2000).
Forrest became mainstay of carbon absorption because of it capability to fast absorb a big amount of CO2. Abundant sun light and water a long year is a big potent to photosynthesize.
But, forests, like other vegetation area not just absorb carbon dioxide. At the same time, this area releases a big amount of carbon dioxide with plant’s respiration. Whereas only green tissues photosynthesize, all tissues respire, and they do so 24 hours a day. A survey of several herbaceous species indicated that 30 to 60% of the daily gain in photosynthetic carbon was lost to respiration (Taiz Lincoln, 2002). Carbon deposit happens when CO2 absorption rate is higher than plant’s respiration rate. It signs with increasing biomass in that forests area.
If you look at closely in small portion of sea water, there are a hundred thousand up to million plants. This plant is called phytoplankton or microalgae. The size is micrometer. For example in kind of Dinoflagellata size is only up to 20 micrometer. Moreover, there is a size that no more than 2 micrometer.
Don’t judge the capability with their size small. Because this phytoplankton have a green leaf substance or chlorophyll. Individuals in sea like trees in function. This much of phytoplankton likes forests that can not see in plainview.
Sea have a rich biodeversitasion and able to give a big contribution to world climate change. With 73% wide in earth, sea participates to pressure carbon emission.
Carbon dioxide is the biggest contribution (75%) of the glass house gas. Everytime we use fosil fuel (oil, gasoline, petroleum gas, coil) for daily needs, car, factory, electricity or when we burn something,like our forest, we automatically release CO2 to the atmosfer
(mizuki, 2007).
Equality in the atmosphere will happen if all the carbon emission reverses with all kind of potential in earth. Ecosystems never have a static equality, but always change during decreasing animal and plants population and several groups exchange (Mc. Connaughey, 1983). And the fact now, amount of carbon release to atmosphere is too much than the capable of absorption (Ilwan hatim, 2007). Increasing volume of glass house gas includes CO2, CFC, and CH4 makes increase temperature of earth surface. Increasing of gas heat absorb able makes terrible effect called global warming.
References:
Campbell, N.A. 2000. Biology concepts and connections. USA: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Taiz Lincoln dan Zeiger Eduardo. 2002. Plant Physiology. USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Mc. Connaughey, Harlow Bayard. 1983. Pengantar Biologi laut. USA: Mosby Company.
Ilwan hatim. (2007, November). Belantara Laut Pelahap karbon. Gatra, 78-79. Jakarta: PT Era Media Informasi
Mizuki. 2007. Long Live Environmental Awareness!!. ( http :// mizuai. deviantart. com)

Calibration of film dosimeter Kodak EDR2 to irradiation dose film

Abstract:
Calibration of film dosimeter Kodak EDR2 to irradiation dose film
Radiotherapy is a way to cure cancer with irradiation. Before a therapy, a treatment planning must do optimize to give a right dose with cancer condition. But, in reality, treatment planning and practice in the field when giving a therapy sometimes not matching. So, a verification dose after giving a therapy must do.
A film dosimeter Kodak EDR2 is used as tool to give information the distribution of dose which is given on a therapy cancer. Suppose of this paper is to explain a calibration of a film dosimeter from irradiation exposure to irradiation dose film.
Scanning method is chosen because it very simple than use a densitometer. A curve of Rachael E Morcell dan Andy Rogers is used to form information optical density to film dose. With filter wedge or not, this calibration is result with error 6%.

Task 5: Risk Factors for the Heart Disease

Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can’t.
These following paragraphs discuss the major risk factors we can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine.
Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'. Exposure to other people's smoke increases the risk of heart disease even for nonsmokers.
High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.
High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.
Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.
Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat — especially if a lot of it is at the waist — are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop. Many obese and overweight people may have difficulty losing weight. But by losing even as few as 10 pounds, you can lower your heart disease risk.
Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled. About three-quarters of people with diabetes die of some form of heart or blood vessel disease. If you have diabetes, it's extremely important to work with your healthcare provider to manage it and control any other risk factors you can.
These following paragraphs discuss the major risk factors that can't be controlled.
Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.
Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.
Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans. This is partly due to higher rates of obesity and diabetes. Most people with a strong family history of heart disease have one or more other risk factors. Just as you can't control your age, sex and race, you can't control your family history. Therefore, it's even more important to treat and control any other risk factors you have.
These following paragraphs discuss the other factors contribute to heart disease risk
Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.
Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.The risk of heart disease in people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol (an average of one drink for women or two drinks for men per day) is lower than in nondrinkers. One drink is defined as 1-1/2 fluid ounces (fl oz) of 80-proof spirits (such as bourbon, Scotch, vodka, gin, etc.), 1 fl oz of 100-proof spirits, 4 fl oz of wine or 12 fl oz of beer. It's not recommended that nondrinkers start using alcohol or that drinkers increase the amount they drink.

Reference:

Anonym (2008, March 20). Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease. [Online article]. Retrieved March 21, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml

Task 5: Why are certain plants grown commercially in some countries but not in others?

The problems of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition are essentially the problems of developing countries, and that is where adequate and effective solutions must ultimately be found. Indiscriminate imposition of solutions from outside has not solved the problems and has perhaps aggravated them. If adequate solutions are to be found, it will be necessary to build the capabilities of problem-solvers in the Third World. The complex of production, conservation, processing, and utilization of food represent an interdisciplinary socio-technological problem, and therefore its solution requires a socio-technological approach.

It is essential to train for leadership people who are capable of finding solutions to the problems of food, poverty, and nutrition in relation to socio-economic needs. These needs are essentially national, but in an interdependent world where the problems of one country affect another, agents of destruction such as rats, locusts, insects, climate, and biotic factors need no passports to cross frontiers. Not only national but inter-country co-operation at regional and global levels is called for.

Food habits are also changing. While some nutritious traditional foods of the affluent in developing countries are becoming the exotic foods of developed countries and vice versa, the traditional technologies for the manufacture of many foods of the common man, developed through inherited experience, have become, or are fast becoming, obsolete and may even disappear. These technologies have provided culturally acceptable low-cost foods of high nutritive value. There is now an urgent need for upgrading such foods through the application of modern science and for fostering their integration with newly emerging technologies.

Research has become a vital component of the development process. The ability to identify complex food-related problems socially, scientifically, and technologically and to find solutions for them within a time frame requires creativity and innovative ability and special competence in management of human resources and research and development institutions. Directors of food research institutes in developing countries not only must stimulate their research scientists but also must provide viable answers to planners, policy-makers, entrepreneurs, and extension specialists in different disciplines of both social and natural sciences. Without such capabilities they cannot bridge the credibility gap between research and its users. They must make science and technology an effective means for the desired type of development.

The challenge before educators and leaders in research, especially in Third World countries, in the twenty-first century lies in providing the required multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional socio-technological education and training with a new sense of awareness of the problem of hunger, poverty, and society. They should possess specialized knowledge in depth of at least one or two subjects. Only then will the product of such training be able to provide the required leadership in research, development, and dissemination of knowledge that will be of practical value at the grass roots level. The scientist-manager of research in a research and development institution should be able to look at many dimensions of the problem.

In most countries present institutions do not seem to be designed to provide such education and would need modification or adaptation. It may even be necessary to build new institutions. Initially, such a programme of advanced training can be built on co-operation between institutions in the relevant disciplines to achieve inter-disciplinarity, recognizing the need for developing socio-technological multidisciplinary training in the area of food science and technology.

References:

H. A. B. Parpia (1984, December 4). Hunger and Technology. [Online article]. Retrieved March 21, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.unu.edu/Unupress/food/8F064e/8F064E0c.htm

Task 5: Why are certain plants grown commercially in some countries but not in others?

The problems of poverty, hunger, and malnutrition are essentially the problems of developing countries, and that is where adequate and effective solutions must ultimately be found. Indiscriminate imposition of solutions from outside has not solved the problems and has perhaps aggravated them. If adequate solutions are to be found, it will be necessary to build the capabilities of problem-solvers in the Third World. The complex of production, conservation, processing, and utilization of food represent an interdisciplinary socio-technological problem, and therefore its solution requires a socio-technological approach.

It is essential to train for leadership people who are capable of finding solutions to the problems of food, poverty, and nutrition in relation to socio-economic needs. These needs are essentially national, but in an interdependent world where the problems of one country affect another, agents of destruction such as rats, locusts, insects, climate, and biotic factors need no passports to cross frontiers. Not only national but inter-country co-operation at regional and global levels is called for.

Food habits are also changing. While some nutritious traditional foods of the affluent in developing countries are becoming the exotic foods of developed countries and vice versa, the traditional technologies for the manufacture of many foods of the common man, developed through inherited experience, have become, or are fast becoming, obsolete and may even disappear. These technologies have provided culturally acceptable low-cost foods of high nutritive value. There is now an urgent need for upgrading such foods through the application of modern science and for fostering their integration with newly emerging technologies.

Research has become a vital component of the development process. The ability to identify complex food-related problems socially, scientifically, and technologically and to find solutions for them within a time frame requires creativity and innovative ability and special competence in management of human resources and research and development institutions. Directors of food research institutes in developing countries not only must stimulate their research scientists but also must provide viable answers to planners, policy-makers, entrepreneurs, and extension specialists in different disciplines of both social and natural sciences. Without such capabilities they cannot bridge the credibility gap between research and its users. They must make science and technology an effective means for the desired type of development.

The challenge before educators and leaders in research, especially in Third World countries, in the twenty-first century lies in providing the required multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional socio-technological education and training with a new sense of awareness of the problem of hunger, poverty, and society. They should possess specialized knowledge in depth of at least one or two subjects. Only then will the product of such training be able to provide the required leadership in research, development, and dissemination of knowledge that will be of practical value at the grass roots level. The scientist-manager of research in a research and development institution should be able to look at many dimensions of the problem.

In most countries present institutions do not seem to be designed to provide such education and would need modification or adaptation. It may even be necessary to build new institutions. Initially, such a programme of advanced training can be built on co-operation between institutions in the relevant disciplines to achieve inter-disciplinarity, recognizing the need for developing socio-technological multidisciplinary training in the area of food science and technology.

References:

H. A. B. Parpia (1984, December 4). Hunger and Technology. [Online article]. Retrieved March 21, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.unu.edu/Unupress/food/8F064e/8F064E0c.htm

Abstract

In the envisioned hydrogen economy, hydrogen will be used in fuel cells to propel automotive vehicles and power buildings in the future. By making hydrogen the fuel of choice for transportation and building sectors, the nation will be less reliant on imported fossil fuels and will, subsequently, reduce its emissions of climate altering carbon dioxide. To produce hydrogen economically, we need nuclear reactor and the reactor must operate at extremely high temperatures. Thus the VHTR has been selected and proved for future hydrogen production plants. VHTR are graphite-moderated and helium-cooled reactors.The core of VHTR can be built of prismatic blocks such as the Japanese HTTR and the GTMHR under development by General Atomics and others in Russia, or it may be a pebble bed design, such as the Chinese HTR-10 and the PBMR under development in South Africa with international partners. VHTR designed by ULLFR design concept. Neutronic and Thermal hydraulic analysis performed by FI-ITB-CHI software packed. Base on simulation showed that hydrogen production unit thermal power is 7.1 MWt and produce hydrogen 310.03 kmol/h. The surplus reactor power could be utilized for generating electricity.

Keywords : VHTR, Thermochemical Process, Hydrogen Production

My topic thesis :

Design Study and Analysis of VHTR for Hydrogen Production

Thesis Topic

Potential of Geothermal Energy in Indonesia

TASK 5

Name : Aditia Zulfikar (10205041)
TASK 5

What Is Cancer?

Cancer is a group of many different diseases that have some important things in common. They all affect cells, the body's basic unit of life. To understand different types of cancer, such as bladder cancer, it is helpful to know about normal cells and what happens when they become cancerous.
The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This orderly process helps keep the body healthy. Sometimes cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed. These cells form a mass of extra tissue, called a growth or tumor. Tumors can be benign or malignant (Anonym 1, 2008).
Benign tumors are not cancer. They often can be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Most important, benign tumors are rarely a threat to life. Malignant tumors are cancer. Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order. These cancer cells can invade and destroy the tissues around them. Also, cancer cells can break away from a malignant tumor and enter the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. This process is the way cancer spreads from the original (primary) tumor to form new tumors in other parts of the body. The spread of cancer is called metastasis (Anonym 2, 2008).
Some common symptoms of bladder cancer include:
· Blood in the urine (slightly rusty to deep red in color).
· Pain during urination.
· Frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without results.
Researchers have found that white people in the United States get bladder cancer twice as often as African-Americans, and men are affected about three times as often as women. People with family members who have bladder cancer may be more likely to get the disease as well. Most bladder cancers occur after the age of 55, but the disease can also develop in younger people (Anonym 2, 2008).
Known and possible risk factors for bladder cancer include (Anonym 3, 2008).:
- Smoking. This is a major risk factor. Cigarette smokers develop bladder cancer two to three times more often than do nonsmokers. Quitting smoking reduces the risk of bladder cancer, lung cancer, and several other types of cancer, as well as a number of other diseases.
- Occupational risk. Workers in some occupations are at higher risk of getting bladder cancer because of exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. Increased risk is seen in people in the rubber, chemical, and leather industries, as well as in hairdressers, machinists, metal workers, printers, painters, textile workers, and truck drivers.
So, after you have know what is cancer and know what factors can cause it, you must be carefull with your life and still keep your body not infected it with keep your behavior to eat and do exercise too.

References:
Anonym 1,2008. Tumor [online article].
Retrieved April 08, 2008 from the Worl Wide
Web: http:// www.wikipedia.org

Anonym 2,2008. What Is Cancer [online article].
Retrieved April 08, 2008 from the Worl Wide
Web: http:// www.weeklyprise.com

Anonym 3, 2008. Risk of Cancer [online article].
Retrieved April 08, 2008 from the Worl Wide
Web: http:// www.wikipedia.org

ABSTRACT

Nuclear power is a type of nuclear technology involving the controlled use of nuclear reactions, usually nuclear fission, to release energy for work including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity. Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled nuclear chain reaction and creates heat—which is used to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine. The turbine can be used for mechanical work and also to generate electricity.

As of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 57% of nuclear generated electricity. As of 2007, the IAEA reported there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the world, operating in 31 countries. Many countries which are using the nuclear power take many reasons, such as : the fuel is inexpensive because using Uranium, energy generation is the most concentrated source, no greenhouse or acid rain effects, and many more.

In Indonesia itself, the utilizing of nuclear power is still in issues and contradictive. This thesis learn more about the analysis development of nuclear power plant and its advantages in Indonesia comparing from the other various energy sources.

Thesis Topic

Analysis Development of Nuclear Power Plant and Its Advantages in Indonesia Comparing from The Other Various Energy Sources

RENEWABLE ENERGY (task 5)

Renewable energy effectively uses natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation.

In 2006, about 18 percent of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, like wood-burning. Hydropower was the next largest renewable source, providing 3%, followed by hot water/heating which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal, wind, solar, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The technical potential for their use is very large, exceeding all other readily available sources.

Renewable energy technologies are sometimes criticised for being unreliable or unsightly, yet the market is growing for many forms of renewable energy. Wind power has a worldwide installed capacity of over 100 GW and is widely used in several European countries and the USA. The manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached more than 2,000 MW per year in 2006, and PV power plants are particularly popular in Germany. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA.

References :

Barkeley lab examines state-level renewable energy. [online article]. Retrieved April, 2008. Taken from World Wide Web: http://www.sciencedaily.com

Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review. [online article]. Retrieved August, 2007. Taken from World Wide Web: http://www.eia.doe.gov

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

my thesis topic

Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (Oval Red Blood Cell) may confer selective advantage against malaria infection

Abstract Topical Review - Journal of Technical Writing

Radiation Physics with Genetic Targeting for Fundamental Radiotheraphy

Sabilly Handi Pradana
Study Program of Physics, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Indonesia
Email: billy_physics05@yahoo.com

Abstract: Radiation as a cancer treatment modality is special competence in nuclear and biophysics area with high physical precision, are facing obstacle when do with biological parameter in great quantities. Radiobiological modelling and radiation microdosimetry have provided useful guidelines in choosing treatment strategies for targeted radiotheraphy.
To achieve specificity, therapeutic genes to be expressed in cells of particular types. In experimental methodology are exploring the transfection-mediated uptake of the targeting agents MIBG and sodium iodide. A new task for radiation microdosimetry is to compute the efficacies of gene transfection which will be required for tumor cure.
The analytic and modeling approach of physics can be used to illuminate and enhance development in genetics, to the benefit of science and medicine.

(PS: In fact, this research have done by [T. E. Wheldon from Department of Clinical Physics and Radiation Onclology, Glasgow University and Beatson Onclology Centre, UK] and surely not by me. I insterested for support my study about 'KK Fisika Nuklir dan Biofisika - Fisika ITB' . What I do to create title, abstract just include from journal and combine with my style about technical writing)

Topic

By : Erik Sentosa (10203073)

Topic for my thesis:

Controlling Home Automation by a Cell Phone and a Personal Computer

The Risk Factors To Heart Disease

By: Erik Sentosa - 10203073

Since the intensity of activities increased, health has been an auxiliary priority for us. Many of us, especially who live in a boom town, put other things such as wealth, career and socialization foremost. The ignorance about health may lead us to some diseases that we don’t really aware that we may have already possessed. Heart disease is one of them. Medical experts believe that heart disease is caused by several things such as unhealthy lifestyle, overweight, stress and high blood cholesterol.

Many people live an unhealthy life without realizing it, these can be factors that increase the risk of getting a heart disease. The risk we are contending dilated by living with lack of exercise and rest. A good proportion between appropriate exercise and sufficient duration of sleep should avoid us from getting heart disease. Smoking is also a potential behavior that may lead to heart disease. Exposure to fumes containing free radicals may promote the growth of some plaques, while severe carbon monoxide intoxication limits the heart's utilization of oxygen.

Overweight or obesity is a risk factor for heart disease, which usually caused by consuming too much food without nutritive coordination. People who are overweight are less inclined to exercise. They are also probably consuming large quantities of refined foods which may cause biochemical imbalances that lead to overweight. It can be avoided by eating nutrient-dense foods and keeping sweets to a minimum.

Stress, the thing that most people be contemptuous of, is also one of the risk factors. Many doctors have noticed that heart attack strikes in the months just after severe emotional trauma such as failed marriage, bankruptcy and intense disappointment. Grief changes many aspects of the body chemistry, compromising the strength of our antibody system and making us more vulnerable to all sorts of diseases. Stress can be reduced by doing simple things such as setting a vacation periodically and having a healthy social life.

High blood cholesterol is caused by consuming too much food that contains oxidized cholesterol. Cholesterol occurs when these foods processed in high temperature. This kind of cholesterol could accumulate in cells and involved in the pathogenic plaque assemblage. Controlling our consuming habit could help us preventing the potential of getting high blood cholesterol.
These are several risk factors of heart disease followed by several ways to avoid getting them. Living a healthy life is never easy, but trying to live a healthy life by avoiding these risk factors could increase the expectancy of living a longer and healthier life.


References:

· Vos, Eddie. Nutrition, Health & Heart Disease: Tips On How To Have an Healthy Heart. [Online
article]. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web: http://www.health-heart.org
· Fallon, Sally; Enig, Mary G. (2001, March 1) What Causes Heart Disease? [Online article].
Retrieved March 14, 2008 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.westonaprice.org/moderndiseases/hd.html

Task 5: Nuclear Power

The first commercial nuclear power stations started operation in the 1950s. “The first nuclear reactor to be connected to an electricity distribution network in the United States began operation in 1957 at Shippingport, Pennsylvania”(Microsoft Encarta 2008). Today some 435 commercial nuclear power reactors operating in 30 countries, with 370,000 MWe of total capacity and over 16% of the world's electricity is produced from nuclear energy, more than from all sources worldwide in 1960. “By 2001, 435 nuclear power plants were operating in 33 countries”(Microsoft Encarta 2008).
A nuclear reactor produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of certain elements. In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released is used as heat to make steam to generate electricity. (In a research reactor the main purpose is to utilise the actual neutrons produced in the core. In most naval reactors, steam drives a turbine directly for propulsion.)
The principles for using nuclear power to produce electricity are the same for most types of reactor. The energy released from continuous fission of the atoms of the fuel is harnessed as heat in either a gas or water, and is used to produce steam. The steam is used to drive the turbines which produce electricity (as in most fossil fuel plants).”The product of fission a reaction (a neutron incident upon a U235) emerge with very large kinetic energy (some 200 MeV)” ( Duderstadt and Hamilton 1942:10).
Reference:

Duderstadt J. J. & Hamilton L. J. (1942). Nuclear reactor analysis. JOHN WILLEY & SONS, Inc: New York.

Microsoft Encarta 2008

Thanks

Dear all,
Thanks for posting. I have sent you comment from my personal email from Papua. Hope you get them. See you in class with your mid-term test.
Jati

Possibility bring into reality a Theory of Everything

Possibility bring into reality a Theory of Everything (TASK 5 - Citation)
by Sabilly Handi Pradana (10205055)

In general, based on my opinion physics is too hard and not so easy to accepted for non-physicist. The one and only Albert Einstein who want to make physics fun and can felt by everyone with combine several formula and great quantities phenomena to describe how the universe works by herself with single theory but can explain and clarify what does nature phenomena mean.

The dream of a Theory of Everything (TOE) was popularized by Einstein, who devoted the last thirty years of his life to his project, and failed because he get a serious cancer and dead. Nevertheless, his attempt attracted attentions of many physicists to his aim, which can be defined as explaining all forces of nature within a single theory that unifies QUANTUM MECHANICS (QM) and GENERAL RELATIVITY (GR). (Kaku, 2004)

At first thougt, it would seem that these forces posses very different features, and the unification of them is a hopeless task. However, in 1967 Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow were able to unify the electromagnetic and the weak force. All the reasons motivated some physicists to look for a more unified theory. (Hawking, 1996)

On the otherhand, the most difficult part of the unification scheme is to reconcile GR which explains gravity with QM. In this section we are facing obstacle because not all physicists are convinced about the possibility of a TOE. They claim that this theory is not testable and thus not scientific. At the end of the 19th century some physicist were in the opinion that physics was close to its end, and this turned out to be completely wrong. (Heisenberg, 1974)

Based on my experience study about physics, I think TOE can be done because the universe began from single particle that have all physics theory. I guess TOE is a very ambitious goal and can not be conquered by physicists alone. As Einstein indicated, "What is the use of describing a Beethoven symphony in terms of air-pressure waves?" (Horgan, 1996) All sciences and arts should incorporate physics in order to reach the ultimate answer. However, what the "EVERYTHING" includes will depend on the capacity of human comprehension. The future will reveal its suprise.

References:
J, Horgan. The end of science. 1996. Helix Books. NY.
M, Kaku. Hyperspace. 1994. Oxford University Press.
Hawking and Penrose. Sciences. 1996. Scientist America.
W, Heisenberg. Accross the frontiers.1974. Harper&Row Publishers. NY.

Why Plants can’t Grow Everywhere? (with citation)

Plant is the most world-wide spread living organism. Almost 70% part of land on the earth is cover by plants. The use of plants has been recognized by people around the world, such as foods, clothes, and many variant of materials. Each region of world has much kind of plants and its special utility.

Plants is growing and developing during all the time, until it could not be again. A plant growing includes height and weight increases, protoplasm increases, respiration, and also photosynthesis. A plant developing is about cell differentiation, shows by anatomy and physiological specialization changes.

Environmental factor affected plant growth and its distribution. The environmental factors are light, temperature, and soil. If the environmental are good enough, the plants will grow well. But if the environmental less than ideal, it will inhibit grow and the distribution of the plant. For example, the hygrophyte that only live with high moisture of soil could not growth at dessert (Anonym 1, 2007). The environmental factors limit some plants to growth and distribute between region and country.

The sun as the primary energy source on earth, it is controlling all living activity and productivity. The effects of light is depend on the wavelength, between 0,4 – 0,7 millimicron-metres and its intensity. The reaction from plant due to light such as photosynthesis, phototropism, and photoperiodic, based on photochemical reaction that working by the specific pigment system. (Anonym 2, 2007)

The temperature can affect productivity and activity of plants depends on the seasons. The role of temperature is controlling a physically and chemically process that will affect the biological reaction on the plant’s body. The chemical reaction velocity is depending on temperature and enzyme stabilization. The bad temperatures also cause stunted growth and poor quality products from plants. (Anonym 2, 2007)

Soil is supplying the water and nutrition for the plants. The soil conditions such as its organic matters, mineral, moisture, microbes, soil atmosphere, and soil water are very determine the growth, development, and productivity of plants (Anonym 2, 2007). Without these components, the plants will have a stress condition, which is inhibits its productivity.

Many plants have beneficial function, either for human being or ecosystem. On each country around the world, some plants grown commercially, and some are not. It depends on how much beneficial that country can gain from its productivity, beside the environmental factors. Sometime, the economic function is a main reason why one country grown some plants and not for the other.

For example, on some countries in South-East Asia, include Indonesia use to called duckweed (Lemna minor) as a herb that altered fresh water live. But, some countries, it use for absorbing waste water and it crop use as a good cattle feed. It contains 25-45% proteins (depending on the growth conditions), 4.4% fat, and 8-10% fiber, measured by dry weight (Anonym 3, 2007). India is one of the countries that make the duckweed as one of its commodity.

Gilang Kinasihan/ 10604052

References:

Anonym 1.2007. Environmental Factors Affecting Growth. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/index.html

Anonym 2. 2007. Pertumbuhan, Perkembangan Tanaman, dan Faktor Lingkungan. http://fp.uns.ac.id/%7Ehamasains/BAB%20VIdasgro_files/filelist.xml

Anonym 3. 2007. Lemna. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna

Symbiotic Between Plant and Bacteria

oleh: Evah Luviah (10604101)

Symbiotic Between Plant and Bacteria

Under natural environmental conditions, successful of plant development and crop depend on the internal factor and external factor. The internal factor includes genetic constitution. The external factor involves soil, water, and light. Soil provides nutrition like mineral salt and chemical inorganic compound, ground water, and beneficial microorganisms. Water is needed by plant for its survival and growth. Light is needed by plant for photosynthesis or obtaining nutrition and energy source.
The most important here is how plant get nutrition especially nitrogen from their habit. The plant doesn't have ability to fix nitrogen from atmosphere directly because of the triple bond of Nitrogen, (Pasternak, 1998). It must be converted first to be complex compound as nitrate. So, to obtain nitrate from soil, plant must be symbiotic with some beneficial soil bacteria or diazotrophic bacteria.
Diazotrophic bacteria live in soil and help plant directly or indirectly. Commonly, beneficial soil bacteria help plant directly by providing fixed nitrogen and supplying it to the plant.
Nowadays, almost all farmers in Indonesia use chemical fertilizer to help them for increasing crops yields. Using chemical fertilizer continuously has triggered pollution problems which results runoff and decreases nutrient availability of the soil, (Black, 2004) those factors has led to find an alternative to increase crops yields besides using chemical fertilizer. Scientist has developed some diazotrophic bacteria as "bacterial fertilizer". Some of techniques in genetic engineering have been going on in order to get new products by means transgenic bacterial soil.
Nitrogen fixation is a very complicated process. It is requiring the action of a large number of different proteins. Those proteins are encoded by multigenes called nif gene, (Pasternak, 1998). Some of techniques in genetic engineering try to isolate this gene and then try to insert this gene to the plant. But it is not possible. Glick and Pasternak (1998) noted that, those multigenes by means nif gene can not be inserted to plant because of two reasons. First, plant doesn't have a promoter for nif gene; second, plant is not a bacterium which able to transcript multigenes and results more than one protein in once transcription processes, this ability called as polycystronic, (Weaver, 2005). For plant, once transcription process is for one protein.
Other study has led to find a new way for better harvest. Scientists try to manipulate hydrogenase, to make a mutant of diazotrophic bacteria, to manipulate oxygen level in diazotrophic bacteria, or to manipulate regulator gene of nif gene. Those experiments have been success to increase crops yields and ever been applied in some developed countries.

References
Weaver, Robert F. 2002. Molecular Biology 3rd edition. New York: Mc.Graw Hill.

Glick, R., Bernard and Pasternak, J. Jack. 1998. Molecular Biotechnology 3rd edition:
Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. Washington: University of Waterloo.

Black, G. Jacquelyn. 1999. Microbiology 4th edition: Principles and Explorations. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, Inc.

oleh : Evah Luviah (10604101)

Relocation

Earthquake happens when the ground is shaking due to an abrupt shift of rock along a fracture in the Earth (Anon1, http://www.earthquake.usgs.gov). The impact of earthquake was felt in many countries. Earthquake can damages the infrastructures and make loss of livelihood (Vatsa, 2001). The important thing is how to recovery the victim of this natural disaster. I think that relocated should be done to the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reasons.

The first, earthquake damages the infrastructures. "Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings or other rigid structures" (Anon2, http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake). The earthquakes may displace the surface of the earth along the trace of the fault. This main effects are breaking the important infrastructures, such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and so on.

Secondly, earthquake makes loss of livelihood. Earthquake may damages the center of life, such as disease-makers, corrupt the basic necessities, and even makes loss of lifes . Most of them lost their houses, properties, and tools and they are likely face the bleak days after the earthquakes (Vatsa, 2001). This changes of built environment are traumatic for the victims (Thorp, 2006). This disaster is dangerous for societies who lives in the high-risk earthquake areas.

In fact, in recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year is actually decreased, although this is likely a statistical fluctuation (Vatsa, 2001). In general, Government always keeps the victim areas and then make the rehabilitation there. Many reasons as the basics, like economics, politics, culturals, and so on. It is not just the policy of Government, but also the wish of the societies because they have historical experiences with their cities. To solve the high-risk from the earthquake, Government must take the fast decision. One of the decision is relocation. The damages above can be the consideration to deal with that decision.

In conclusion, earthquake is a high-risk natural disaster in the world. Many things can losses because of this disaster. The Government must have the policy to relocated the cities located in high-risk earthquake areas despite opposition based on economic and historic reason.

References :
Today's Earthquake Fact. U.S. Geological Survey Home Page. (2008, February 6) [Online Article]. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from the World Wide Web:http://www.earthquake.usgs.gov
Vatsa, K.S. (2001, March 16). A Reconnaissance Report Identification of Priority Issues. [Online Journal]. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from the World Wide Web : http://www.drmonline.net/drmlibrary/gujarat.htm
Earthquake. Wikipedia, Free Encyclopedia Home Page. (2007, December) [Online Article]. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from the World Wide Web:http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake
Thorp, S.M. (2006). Intergrating Historic Preservation and Disaster Management. [Online Journal]. Retrieved March 19, 2008 from the World Wide Web : http://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/18/

The Fall Of Atheism

The Fall of Atheism

Atheism is a concept that God is never exist.It’s not about belive that there is no God but it doesn’t believe that God exist. It believe that God is like doraemon which is just human dream. It reject the idea of creation that means world is formed by itself and it had no beginning but had existed forever.
In 20th century, the atheism is fallen cause of many an various discoveries. Such as in cosmology, they found that world has a beginning which came from the result of Big Bang theory. In astronomy, they found that a random universe has a relationship and purpose which is proofed that there is a grand design in the universe that favours the development of intelligent life. Others discoveries are in biology, psychology adn social science.
Although there are many various discoveries,there are still many people believe in atheism. There are some atheism communities that we could see in internet. Most of the atheism worshiper are scientist that just think the universe by their intelligence.

Reference

1. Yahya, Harun. Articles-The Fall of Atheism.www.harunyahya.com/articles/70the_fall_of_atheism_sci34.php" \t "_blank"
2. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateis
3. Ragam Berita dan Diskusi/Menara Spiritual/Atheisme/http://ragam.info/viewtopic.php?t=3067
4. Harun Yahya Series/Keruntuhan Atesime, Pembuktian Sains Modern ataa Fakta Penciptaan/NOR production

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